Linkrunner, India’s first AI-powered app attribution and analytics platform (MMP), has raised INR 5 crores in a pre-seed funding round led by Titan Capital, with participation from angel investor Samir Sood and early-stage venture firm 2AM.VC. The funding will support hiring across engineering, data science, and sales, as well as drive product innovation and go-to-market efforts across India.
Founded by Shreyans Sancheti, former co-founder of Bluelearn, and Darshil Rathod, Bluelearn’s founding engineer & team member, Linkrunner emerged from their firsthand experience navigating complex app analytics challenges. They realized that most Indian startups lacked access to affordable and efficient app attribution tools and set out to change that.
Within just a few months, Linkrunner has gained traction with fast-growing consumer apps such as Stimuler, Grapevine, Fold Money, Abcoffee, Jumbo Gaming, Lingopanda and more. Customers appreciate the seamless onboarding, often completed in under an hour, along with a transparent pricing structure and a generous free plan tailored for startups.
Market context shows timing is ripe: the India mobile application market generated USD 10.6 billion in revenue in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 27.7 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.8%. Meanwhile, India is expected to reach 1 billion smartphone users by 2026—an enormous addressable base for mobile-first businesses.
Shreyans Sancheti, co-founder of Linkrunner, said, “Today major ad networks like Google/Meta don’t recognize any Indian mobile measurement partners, which limits options for the consumers. We realized there was no simple, cost-effective app attribution platform designed for Indian companies. This round will help us build one of India’s first homegrown AI-driven MMPs, something that empowers companies with actionable data and global-level capabilities.”
Spokesperson at Titan Capital said, “Linkrunner is solving a real and growing need of data attribution in India’s app ecosystem. Their platform helps to unify data from different marketing platform to enable companies in making better data driven decisions. We’re excited to support Shreyans and Darshil as they build a product that can redefine app analytics in India.”
With this new capital, Linkrunner plans to strengthen its product and market presence by enhancing its AI-driven attribution engine, which automatically aligns campaign data across channels, and preparing for global expansion beyond India.
About Linkrunner
Linkrunner is an AI-driven app attribution and analytics platform (MMP) designed for modern consumer apps. It helps companies track customer metrics, manage advertising spends, and make data-driven growth marketing decisions.
About founders
Shreyans Sancheti was previously one of the co-founders of Bluelearn, a social learning platform backed by Lightspeed and Elevation that raised $4M.
Darshil Rathod was Bluelearn’s founding engineer and played a key role in scaling its core technology. Their shared experience building scalable products directly shaped the vision behind Linkrunner.
Chennai, 25th June 2025 – Indian Snack House, a clean-label D2C brand dedicated to delivering authentic South Indian sweets and snacks, has announced the successful closure of its pre-seed funding round by raising ₹2.2 crore. The round was led by Titan Capital, marking a significant milestone for the Chennai-based startup as it seeks to redefine how India experiences regional snacking. The newly raised funds will help Indian Snack House expand to more cities and online platforms. They will also be used to grow its product range by adding popular snacks from Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana—bringing together the rich snacking traditions of South India.
Founded in 2023 by Rajakumaran and Anbarasan, Indian Snack House was born out of their love for South Indian snacks and the memories tied to them. After moving to metro cities, they noticed that while snacks from other parts of India were easily available, trusted and branded versions of South Indian favourites were missing. led to the creation of Indian Snack House, a clean-label, modern brand dedicated to bringing iconic South Indian flavours to homes across India and beyond. From Tirunelveli Halwa and Srivilliputhur Palkova to Atreyapuram Pootharekulu, Dharwad Peda, and Kozhikode Halwa the brand celebrates the rich diversity of South India through taste and trust. Indian Snack House stands for “Aspirational Quality” with no palm oil, no preservatives, and no artificial colours. Every product is crafted to be both authentic and consciously made, making the brand a go-to choice for anyone craving a true taste of South India.
The Co-founders’ of Indian Snack House, Rajakumaran & Anbarsan, said “We are truly thankful to Kunal Bahl, Rohit Bansal, and the Titan Capital team for trusting our vision and standing behind our team. It means a lot to have them as partners, especially with their strong track record of supporting brands from the early days to all the way to IPO. Together, we are working to make Indian Snack House a trusted name for authentic South Indian snacks not just across India, but around the world. We have only just begun, and there’s much more to come.”
“We are happy to support Indian Snack House on their journey to build a brand that truly celebrates South Indian snacks. Their focus on authenticity, clean ingredients, and deep understanding of regional flavours sets them apart. We look forward to being part of their growth as they bring these much-loved snacks to more people across India and beyond.” said a spokesperson from Titan Capital.
With a growing customer base and strong demand, Indian Snack House is on a steady path to becoming a trusted name in regional snacking. With over 1,00,000 packets shipped every month and thousands of high ratings on platforms like Swiggy and Zomato, the response has been both encouraging and humbling. As it enters the next phase of growth, the brand is focused on bringing the authentic taste of South India to more cities in India and to Indian communities around the world.
About Indian Snack House:
Established in 2023 in Chennai by Rajakumaran and Anbarasan, Indian Snack House is a clean-label snack brand on a mission to take authentic South Indian sweets and snacks—often confined to small towns—to homes across India and the world. From iconic treats like Tirunelveli Halwa and Srivilliputhur Palkova to hidden gems like Tuticorin Macaroons and Nagercoil Banana Chips, the brand brings time-honored recipes made without palm oil, preservatives, or artificial colors. With a focus on authenticity, quality, and accessibility, Indian Snack House is building the go-to brand for South India’s rich snacking heritage.
Titan is one of the most popular watch manufacturers in India with a revenue of 21,204 crore rupees as of 2020. This public company was established in 1984 and has expanded to be the fifth-largest watch manufacturer in the whole world and also the largest branded jewelry maker in India. More than 80% of its revenue comes from the latter.
The firm is a part of the Tata group and started its journey in a joint venture with TIDCO. The one thing that we should appreciate about Titan is its diverse revenue streams and the immense trust that its customers have in them. The firm changed its name from Titan Co to Titan Industries Ltd in 1993. This article will explore the business model of Titan.
Titan Business Model
Titan’s business pattern comprises a set of diversifications and a customer-first approach towards establishment across several consumer segments. Previously, the company was well known for quartz watches but has transformed itself into a premium and smart-watches company, while the jewelry vertical which is symbolized by Tanishq fetches approximately 82% of the total revenues. The company is further strengthened by Tanishq’s reputation for transparent pricing and high-quality gold and diamond jewelry.
The company has again opened up through eyewear products known to many customers with the Titan Eye+, and later to fragrances and fashion accessories further strengthening the company’s diversity. Titan has already established exclusive retail networks in over 1,300 stores across India. Titan thus captures all the market routes – physical, digital, and even e-commerce avenues – bringing services that offer customers better access and engagement with these availabilities. Strong brand trust, high pricing, and value-added services such as after-sales support and customization create durable relationships with customers.
Many advantages should remain with Titan in case it goes commercial because one drawback is the dependency on the Indian market, which limits its global reach, and the next is the fierce competition from domestic and foreign players in the jewelry and watch segments. On the other hand, the increase in disposable incomes gives a growth opportunity; further avenues of creating international reach with certain strategic alliances with global brands open up.
Key Activities of Titan
Titan is known for its quality manufacturing and sales. In 1984 it started manufacturing quartz analog watches and further diversified into various other products.
Today they manufacture watches, eyewear, perfumes, and jewelry. Their branches also cater to the requirements of people of all age groups. They provide the best experience to their customers.
Monetising Heritage
The biggest factor that multiplies the sales of Titan Company Limited today is the sense of the superior quality of craftsmanship associated with the firm. Their product quality is admired by most of the users. One of the main reasons for this is their people-centric vision of creating and elevating experience that impacts the world.
Their mission has always been to create a value-driven culture that nourishes innovation, performance, and the highest global standards in everything they do. Throughout their businesses, how they pitch themselves ensures that customers take precedence over anything else.
There is absolutely no doubt about the fact that it is in fact the people who made Titan the brand that it is today. They have reached a position at which they are capable of monetizing the heritage that they have proudly inherited through years of delivering quality products.
There are multiple platforms through which Titan makes its products available to the people. On the other hand, they have many exclusive outlets in the name of Titan across most of the cities in India. There are outlets in other countries too.
Some of these outlets sell all the products by the Titan group while most of them are exclusive showrooms that sell particular products like watches, eyewear, jewellery et cetera.
They also have exclusive online websites through which the customers can directly place orders and get them delivered to their doorsteps. Apart from that Titan has also partnered with most of the key platforms through which they make their products available.
Titan Website
In fact, Titan has done and is continuing to do everything possible to make their products accessible and affordable to all sections of society.
Customer Relationship
Customers are one of the biggest assets of the company. Hence they have enabled various options to give the best experience to the customers. As a part of this, they have devised a customer support service that can be reached at 18002660123. The customers can also raise their concerns by writing to customercare@titan.co.in.
Alternatively, the customers can also directly reach out to the offline customer care centers or showrooms with the product and its receipt.
The diverse product range is the revenue driver for Titan, with jewelry being a significant portion of its earnings. The jewelry division, which accounts for nearly 89.1% of earnings, has come under the banner of Tanishq, which reported revenues of around INR 10,696 crore (approximately $1.3 billion) according to the latest financials. The watches and wearables segment, on the other hand, reports 7.6% of total revenues at roughly INR 913 crore due to increased demand for both smartwatch and traditional watch acquisition. Titan Eye+ eyecare contributes 1.7% and generates INR 203 crore. Additional revenue streams from other business activities bring another 1.7% to the overall revenues, amounting to INR 199 crore.
Titan’s success in revenue is backed by several strategic advantages. The Tanishq brand is widely perceived as a marker of quality and trust and thereby also earns decent customer loyalty, as well as high sales volumes. Furthermore, its diverse segments in jewelry, watches, and eyewear mitigate the risk of market fluctuations in any one category. Titan has a deep and extensive retail network that ensures accessibility and presence towards driving sales. These vary from jewelry, but Titan enjoys income from the other segments as well, thus supporting itself through a very good brand reputation and extensive retail reach to ensure a foothold growth across several markets.
As far as the watch manufacturing is concerned they have multiple sub-branches that are titled FastTrack Helios, Xylys, Titan Raga et cetera. It might be a surprise that despite the watches being the most popular product of the company, it only contributes a small amount.
They are the primary growth drivers of the firm. It can be rightly concluded that all Titan is known for their watches it is their business that happens in Tanishq that drives the business forward.
Titan Company Limited Financials
Fiscal Year
Operating Revenue
Total Expenses
Profit-Loss
FY22
INR 27,210 crore
INR 25,037 crore
INR 2,173 crore
FY23
INR 38,270 crore
INR 38,270 crore
—
FY24
INR 47,600 crore
INR 44,298 crore
INR 2,816 crore
Titan Company Limited Financials
Titan – Unique Selling Proposition
Titan Company has forged a unique lifestyle proposition that is all about quality, craftsmanship, and innovation in watches and jewels. With an ever-expanding range of immaculate materials and avant-garde designs, luxury and budget access market segments of watches, ornaments, and eyeglasses for the company. The technological advancements that bolster its competitive edge include Titan Edge, which is ultra-slim.
Backed by the Tata Group, Titan enjoys unquestionable consumer loyalty. The brand emphasizes experiential retailing where an engaging shopping experience is created and has a strong commitment to sustainability and corporate responsibility. Accessibility across price points and its reputation of being reliable make Titan’s value proposition about extraordinary customer experiences that set the standards and instill trust, thereby making Titan a leader in India’s lifestyle market.
Businesses by Titan – Iconic Brands of Titan
Titan
FastTrack
Zoop
Sonata
Titan eye plus
Mia
Titan clock
Taneira
CaratLane
Titan Raga
Skinn
Zoya
SF
Tanishq
Helios
Octane
Xylys
Nebula
Fabre-Leuva
Titan SWOT Analysis
Titan SWOT Analysis
Titan Strengths
Brand Equity: Titan enjoys a whopping brand equity due to its commitment to quality and innovative designs that have earned a loyal clientele.
Product Diversification: It has been manufacturing a variety of products-from clocks and watches to jewelry with the Tanishq brand, eyewear, and perfumes. Market fluctuations are, therefore, not a major threat to this diversification.
Widespread Distribution Network: Titan has a good network of retail outlets, including exclusive showrooms like ‘World of Titan’, giving it a presence in various segments of the market.
Creativity and Design Excellence: Due to uniquely designed and technologically superior products, like smartwatches and high-end jewelry, Titan has been the most favored name in a sea of competitors.
Titan Weaknesses
Heavy Dependence on the Indian Market: A significant share of Titan’s revenue comes from India, exposing it to economic downturns in that country. Although efforts are being made to expand abroad, the international footprint still remains limited.
Vulnerability to Gold Price Fluctuations: The jewelry segment’s heavy reliance on gold exposes Titan to developments affecting fluctuations in gold prices, which can impact profit margins and consumer demand.
Counterfeit Risks: The uniqueness of the designs of Titan products increases their counterfeiting potential, capable of undermining the brand’s value and sales.
Titan Opportunities
International Market Expansion: Titan can invest in expanding territories abroad in adopting markets, such as countries with hefty Indian diaspora or love for Indian craftsmanship. This could be useful primarily for the Tanishq brand.
Innovation in E-commerce: Titan must therefore harness eCommerce capabilities to propel itself further into the prospects of online shopping.
Premiumization: With increasing disposable incomes expected from Vise economies and India, consumption demand for luxury items has increased. Titan now has the opportunity to thrift on the opportunity by manufacturing premium jewelry and watches.
Sustainability Commitments: Titan will carry on with sustainable sourcing practices, along with ethical methods, particularly in terms of its jewelry, so that the company can attract customers who want to consume more socially and improve its position.
Titan Threats
Economic Recession: Some unfavorable economic conditions would lead to less consumer spending, and it would consequently create an adverse impact on sales from all other segments.
Stringent Competition: It is being burdened by tough competition with international luxury brands like Rolex and Swatch as well as domestic brands like Kalyan Jewellers which may be exerting pressure on their market share and pricing strategy.
Changing Consumer Preferences: Sales are also susceptible to changes in the tastes and preferences of consumers, particularly those with regard to watches and jewelry which are fashion-sensitive.
Regulatory Challenges: The implication of operating in a highly regulated industry is that changes in taxation or import/export-related government policies would unfavorably affect their operations.
Conclusion
From the looks of the business model of Titan, they will likely continue to thrive in the years to come. They have a knack for expanding their businesses to newer areas while retaining the quality of whatever was existing.
The very fact that Titan watches are the most preferred and popular among middle-class people in India is a testament to it. Heritage is something that we inculcate through commitment and passion. This is one thing that one should learn from the functioning of the Titan group.
FAQs
Is Titan an Indian brand?
Yes, Titan is an Indian brand that mainly manufactures fashion accessories such as watches, jewelry, and eyewear.
Does Titan own Tanishq?
Yes, Tanishq is an Indian jewelry brand and a division of Titan Company.
How was Titan Company formed?
Titan was formed between the joint venture of Tata Group & Tamil Nadu Industrial Corporation in 1984.
Titan Company is owned by Tata Group and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO). Tata Group, through Tata Sons, is the majority shareholder.
Is Titan a Tata product?
Yes, Titan is a Tata Group brand. Titan Company is a joint venture between Tata Group and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO).
The startup circuit at present is filled with intensive competition that transcends genres. Consider the food-tech startup segment; Zomato and Swiggy are using every possible strategy to increase their reach. Such rivalry can also be in the social media space with brands like Facebook, Twitter, and others fighting for bragging rights.
The Indian startup sector is also at the fore of competitiveness and the stories of Flipkart, Ola, Zomato, OYO, and whatnot attest to this claim. The eCommerce segment in India is interesting. Amazon, Flipkart, etc. know the value that Indian customers bring to the table. With marketing stints like end-of-season sales, these giants are leaving no stone unturned to establish dominance. Snapdeal is one such successful behemoth that has pumped up the e-commerce/retail domain. The credit for its brilliance could largely be attributed to one man, Kunal Bahl. A failed attempt at getting into the IITs didn’t deter this gritty man from amazing milestones that people only dream of, with Snapdeal being the biggest of them all.
Learn about Kunal Bahl, his education, career, family, Snapdeal,Titan Capital, his entry into the Shark Tank India season 4, and more from this article.
Kunal Bahl – Biography
Name
Kunal Bahl
Born
1 January 1984
Born Place
New Delhi, India
Nationality
Indian
Education
B.S.E in Entrepreneurship, Operation & Information Management, Wharton B.A.S in Engineering
Kunal Bahl grew up in India and went to Delhi Public School R.K. Puram for his early education. He later studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where he joined the prestigious Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology. He secured two bachelor’s degrees—one in Entrepreneurship, Operations & Information Management from The Wharton School and another in Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Science respectively. He also completed an executive marketing program at the Kellogg School of Management to further build his business skills.
During his stay in the United States, he launched a detergent company whose products were sold at Walmart stores. He had to return to India in 2008 due to some visa complications.
Kunal Bahl – Personal Life
Kunal Bahl tends to keep his personal life relatively private, focusing more on his professional journey and entrepreneurial ventures. However, it is known that he is married to Yashna Bahl.
Kunal Bahl with wife Yashna Bahl
Bahl is also known for his interests outside of business. He enjoys reading and often shares insights from books on social media. He is passionate about technology, innovation, and mentoring young entrepreneurs. Despite the challenges faced in the competitive eCommerce space, Kunal has maintained a positive and resilient approach, balancing his work and personal life effectively.
Kunal Bahl – Snapdeal
Kunal joined Rohit Bansal, his childhood friend who was working for CapitalOne at that time, to get his hands in entrepreneurship. They launched an offline couponing business in 2007-08. The internet was taking baby steps towards popularity during that phase. A couple of merchants working with the duo asked them to shift to an online platform. They then registered a domain and named it ‘Snapdeal.com’. There were a lot of glitches in the beginning and Kunal-Rohit made a lot of mistakes. Slowly, they improved Snapdeal’s condition by tracking the customers’ preferences and using feedback. After consistent improvisations, the site was on the path to profitability.
After setting up the online platform, there was no stopping for the duo. They began hiring people. Today, Kunal credits Snapdeal’s success to his employees. The company had no plants and machinery and the team felt that the venture’s success pivoted on the workers; determination. His co-worker Vani Kola’s inputs were crucial for Snapdeal. The company grew from a team of 30 to a family of 150. The team also has a dedicated sub-team that takes care of Snapdeal’s cultural aspects.
Vani in turn credits Kunal and Rohit for Snapdeal’s fortunes. According to her, the duo had a great ability to listen, learn, and absorb like “sponges”. They had unmatched confidence and trust and kept executing their plans diligently. The duo welcomed innovative ideas from their employees without any bias. When it came to HR practices, they focused on their workers’ self-improvement and progress, and there was intense cross-learning and skilling.
Kunal’s philosophy was to hire people on demand. He sought 100% customer satisfaction. The willingness to fulfill the customer’s needs paved the way for Snapdeal to create the largest assortment of products in the country in 6 months. There were around 2000 brands and merchants selling their products through Snapdeal.
In 2022, the company rebranded itself as AceVector, which includes several businesses like Snapdeal, Unicommerce, and Stellar Brands. Under Kunal Bahl’s leadership, AceVector has transformed the Indian eCommerce market by using new distribution channels, brands, and platforms.
Kunal describes Snapdeal’s culture as “smart, generous, and humble”. According to him, culture determines a company’s pace of growth. He cites the ability to solve problems as a catalyst for an organization’s progression. A team’s capability to remain objective helps in all-round development. Kunal attributes Snapdeal’s potential to scale faster than rival companies in topping the charts. Vani’s role in handling people was a differentiator.
Kunal Bahl – Professional Life
In 2015, when Kunal Bahl and Rahul Bansal were fresh from co-founding Snapdeal, they built another company from scratch, Titan Capital. The fund company was created to support entrepreneurs with innovative ideas and futuristic startup ventures financially.
Titan Capital has invested in companies like Ola, Urban Company, Mamaearth, Credgenics, Shadowfax, Razorpay, and Giva. Notably, Titan Capital, which uses the personal funds of Kunal and Rohit Bansal, has achieved returns of over 100 times on several investments, including Ola, Urban Company, and Mamaearth.
Kunal Bahl also holds several important positions. He is on the board of governors for the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, a member of the executive council of NASSCOM, and chairs the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) National Committee on Ecommerce. He is also a member of the National Startup Advisory Council.
He also serves as an Independent Director on the Board of Piramal Enterprises.
Kunal Bahl – Investments
In addition to his success with Snapdeal, Kunal Bahl gained recognition for believing in Bhavish Aggarwal’s ambitious business idea, Ola Cabs now Ola Consumer. Kunal introduced Ola to Rohit Bansal, and together, they invested $60,000 in Bhavish’s venture. This investment turned out to be a brilliant decision. Kunal Bahl has made 255 investments including Urban Company, Razorpay, and many more. As an investor, Bahl has 22 exits and 7 Unicorns.
Kunal Bahl – Philanthropy
As the company grew, Kunal and his team decided to install a hand pump in villages. This step changed the lives of hundreds. Kunal says that Snapdeal grows by leaps and bounds, and he and his team will improve the conditions of the society’s backward section by providing necessities. His vision is to make Snapdeal India’s number one B2C marketplace. He wants his company to be the home to the most admired alumni in India.
Kunal Bahl – Shark Tank India
Kunal Bahl – Shark Tank India Season 4
Kunal Bahl is the newest shark on Shark Tank India season 4, replacing Zomato CEO Deepinder Goyal. He will join the show alongside other investors like Ritesh Agarwal, founder of OYO; Namita Thapar, executive director of Emcure Pharmaceuticals; Aman Gupta, co-founder of boAt; and Anupam Mittal from People Group.
Before this, Kunal Bahl appeared as one of the three judges on Prime Video’s reality show Mission Start Ab aired on 19 December 2023, where 10 founders competed for mentorship and funding.
Kunal Bhal has been awarded with the following awards:
BMA Entrepreneur of the Year 2014
ET Top 50 Entrepreneurs of India 2014
Ranked 25 on Fortune 40 under 40 most influential business leaders list 2014
EY Entrepreneur of the Year – Startup 2014
Nasscom NextGen Entrepreneur 2014
The Economic Times Entrepreneur of the Year Award 2015
AIMA Transformational Business Leader of the Year
Indian Affairs Business Leader of the Year 2015
The Joseph Wharton Award for Young Leadership 2018
The Economic Times Comeback Award 2019
Kunal Bahl – Advice To Budding Entrepreneurs
Kunal advises entrepreneurs not to invest in monetary growth. The willingness to serve society is what entrepreneurs should look out for. He asks people to focus on the social dimension rather than only focusing on earning money. According to him, if the company provides good service or has something unique to offer, customer retention is bound to happen. As almost 75% of the website visits are organic without the help of advertisements, Snapdeal has performed very well when it comes to customer satisfaction. A customer buying a diamond ring was the best purchase for Kunal ever since Snapdeal was conceived.
Kunal Bahl – An Inspiration For Many
The credit for Snapdeal’s continual growth as an e-commerce giant goes to Kunal and his leadership in collaboration with Rohit. His open-minded approach towards employees and customers was instrumental in Snapdeal’s progression. While other e-commerce platforms focused on advertisements to seek customers, Snapdeal was confident enough in its service to lure buyers. Kunal, with his unique vision, is truly a role model for many entrepreneurs.
FAQs
Who is Kunal Bahl?
Kunal Bahl is the co-founder of Snapdeal and Titan Capital.
When was Snapdeal founded?
Snapdeal was founded in 2010.
What does Snapdeal do?
Snapdeal stands as India’s premier pure-play value eCommerce platform, ranking among the top online lifestyle destinations. Snapdeal comes under AceVector Group. With a commitment to provide high-quality products at competitive prices, Snapdeal wants to make shopping enjoyable and dependable for the people of Bharat.
Who is Kunal Bahl wife?
Yashna Bahl is Kunal Bahl’s wife.
What is Kunal Bahl age?
Kunal Bahl was born on 1 January, 1984. He is 40 years old.
What is Kunal Bahl education?
Kunal Bahl pursued his education at prestigious institutions. He completed a dual degree in Marketing and Operations Strategy from The Wharton School and Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania as part of the Jerome Fisher M&T Program from 2002 to 2006. Bahl also attended an Executive Program in Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.
Company Profile is an initiative by StartupTalky to publish verified information on different startups and organizations. The content in this post has been approved by Credgenics.
In India, where the credit demand of more than $600 Billion is being met through informal sources, digital lending is set to cross the $100 Billion mark by the end of 2023. Credgenics is a part of the financial industry, especially the lending and debt recovery ecosystem. Anand Agrawal, Mayank Khera, and Rishabh Goel founded Credgenics in 2018.
The SaaS-enabled debt recovery platformofCredgenics was designed to help lessen the burden of the lenders (banks, NBFCs, FinTech) through better data management and ensuring lesser cost and time consumption in the recovery process. At present, over 50 lenders are using the platform, which includes 07 banks with notable names like ICICI, Axis, and HDFC and more than 40 NBFCs, such as LoanTap, Drip Capital, and Udaan, among others. In the last three years, Credgenics has managed to grow MoM by 80–100%.
StartupTalky interviewed Mr. Rishabh Goel, Co-founder & CEO of Credgenics to learn the Startup Story and the roadmap of Credgenics. He also gave insights on the business model, when it originated, funding, growth hacks, working model, and expansion plans.
At Credgenics, the core product is the SaaS platform that comes armed with two unique offerings, the Automated Communication and Digital Legal Notice Module. Its SaaS-enabled debt recovery platform was designed to help lessen the burden of lenders (banks, NBFCs, FinTech) through better data management and ensuring lesser cost and time consumption in the recovery process. The legal module simplifies the entire journey of issuing a legal notice to the borrowers, sending a soft copy via digital channels (SMS, email, and WhatsApp) and physical modes (via courier partners).
Credgenics offers the creditors two solutions —
Where the creditor can purchase its software and undertake the rest of the process, and
The end-to-end recovery where the entire process from data management to Online Dispute Resolution and litigation processes undertaken by Credgenics’ designated teams.
The process entails uploading the data on the platform, generating actions using an automated rule-defining widget, issuing notices, and then approaching borrowers using any of the five modules, such as cloud-based calling, automated communication, and field executive being tracked by the Android app for on-field collection, legal notice, and litigation workflows. Thus, the Credgenics platform becomes a one-stop solution for creditors and their debt recovery woes. Within just a couple of months from its inception, Credgenics could demonstrate a strong product market fit.
Credgenics
Credgenics’ long-term focus is also to strengthen and build further from its present position, which includes equipping itself with a better-enabled team, to growing operations and business by expanding in multiple lending products, apart from the collection angle alone. The plans are also to continue researching and upgrading Credgenics platform features, offerings, and market presence because technology and legal, fields require a constant upgrade. Research and strengthening the core also becomes vital as the judicial and fiscal regulations in the target geographies have to be thoroughly studied, followed by the design and implementation of the Credgenics platform and offerings.
“Our core belief is based on the principle of ethically resolving the bad debt crisis that the economies are dealing with,” says Rishabh Goel, Co-founder & CEO, of Credgenics.
Credgenics is a part of the financial industry, especially the lending and debt recovery ecosystem.
The Debt Recovery Market is expected to grow at a significant pace. The Debt Recovery market provides the various factors that form an important element of the market. It includes the definition and the scope of the market with a detailed explanation of the market drivers, opportunities, restraints, and threats. India has the worst bad-loan ratio after Italy among the world’s 20 largest economies.
In terms of the industry and its growth, since Credgenics has a unique offering, it does not see much competition, especially given its USPs. About Credgenics performance and the metrics, it can be described one by one. Let’s begin with the resolution rate, which has improved by 15–20%. The collection rates are measured in the terms of each DPD resolved within the stipulated time and the success-based module ensures data transparency. Resolution time has improved by 20 days for Credgenics’ clients. The average resolution time is measured by providing concentrated efforts from tele-calling, digital reminders through WhatsApp and Digital Notices, and tracking the EMI repayment and E-mediation. The collection time has improved by 5 times.
The digital disruption introduced by Credgenics saves efficiency in data management and tracking the cases, with dedicated teams per case, ROI for the creditors is compared to the error-prone erstwhile practices.
Credgenics – Founders and Team
Anand Agrawal, Mayank Khera, and Rishabh Goel are the co-founders of Credgenics.
Anand has a strong Computer Science background (owing to B.Tech and M.Tech, both from IIT-Delhi). IIT-D is their alma mater and that is how Rishabh and Anand knew each other. While Rishabh was making his way through Deutsche Bank and Blackrock as an Investment Banker, Anand was working with the founding team of 1mg. Mayank, whom they knew through common friends, has been on the panel of NHRC, he is a certified mediator and a fellow at the World Mediation Organization, Berlin. This resulted in the best fit.
Anand Agrawal | Co-founder & CTO of Credgenics
Anand was emancipated as an entrepreneur after accumulating years of experience in product technology and engineering. Before embarking on this SaaS-based journey, he gained experience as a Lead in the data science team of 1MG and worked with Urban Company. With a keen interest in the fintech ecosystem, Anand is now the Co-Founder and CTO of Credgenics. With a focus on team building, he exhibits thoughtful leadership and entrepreneurship – be it customizing the platform features and offerings (which includes the communication and data projections), or designing and integrating the website for the company, he ensures that the technology can boost the software-based collection process to reduce bad debts.
Mayank Khera | Co-founder & Legal Brain of Credgenics
An Advocate, a certified mediator, and a fellow World Mediation Organisation, Berlin, Mayank has been associated with many social initiatives to provide justice to the underserved. As part of his dedication to giving back to society, he has regularly visited many jails, including Tihar, Jaipur, Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Jodhpur, among others to provide legal assistance to prisoners. For Credgenics, he is the legal brain that helps with the litigations and the legal notices. Be it the case of e-mediations and settlements, or taking the right legal remedy for the defaulters, his word holds weightage.
Rishabh Goel | Co-founder & CEO of Credgenics
Rishabh handles the marketing, business development, customer engagement, apart from the overall decision-making and risk analysis. For this, he is armed with his Charter in Risk Analysis through the U.S. GAARP courses, namely CFA and FRM. This skill added to his B.Tech helps him understand the business and technology aspects.
“Since, all three of us take care of the three important verticals, we take decisions in unison and exhibit the proof of ‘united we stand’ philosophy” Rishabh added.
Credgenics has hired from the fintech and consulting firms, and with more clients being onboarded, it aims to increase its team and establish an organizational culture, where each joiner comes with zeal and expertise. The right attitude also matters and the Credgenics’ HR ensures that the new people enhance the culture.
Currently, Credgenics team comprises 170+ members, where its legal team has more than 8 in-house lawyers including Mayank, as the leader and mentor, and they collaborate with 2200+ lawyers pan India. With the future forecast, Credgenics aims to grow with a direction and enhance its offerings and be more customer-oriented.
Credgenics History – How it Started?
Reminiscing the Initial journey of Credgenics, Rishabh Goel (Co-founder& CEO of Credgenics) says –
“The inspiration came back in 2017 when I was working with Blackrock, where I garnered a better understanding of the lending process, specifically from the recovery and collections angle. The realizations continued while working with Deutsche Bank. The collection processes were still age-old and led to poor recovery rates, thereby leading to the constant increase in the NPA with each loan adding up to delinquency. The whole process was taxing the economy and increasing the judicial load (from the recovery angle). Being good with research and risk analysis, I (Rishabh) researched the problem and solution for two years.
During the research, I studied the mechanics of resolving the debt cases using technology-driven amicable methods and analyzing their efficacy in the long term. Though the process is dynamic and the research and problem-solving is still an everyday process, yet back then I started wondering about the technology-aided solutions and started lending some outline to the idea of what has now become Credgenics.
At this point in time, I came in touch with the Co-founder and CTO Anand Agrawal. IIT Delhi being our alma mater, we together started working on the SaaS platform. Anand had experience owing to his M.Tech and then his work with 1MG and Urban Company. He and I started working on a prototype. At this point, we came in touch with Mayank, an advocate, and the idea of legal tech was added. In 2019 we got our first client and that was where we tested our platform for the first time.
The moratorium in 2020 became the testing time and we got plenitude in terms of clients. Since we work on a success-based module, we charge our clients per the success rate.”
Rishabh continues on Credgenics’ Interesting Investor Journey –
“Credgenics team completed the seed round led by Titan Capital along with a few seasoned investors in May 2020. This was where we had garnered the faith of our investors and began gaining the faith of our lenders.
With growing success, within six months, the young and innovative SaaS platform received INR 27 crore (US$3.5 Million) in a pre-Series A round led by Accel Partners, DMI Alternatives fund with participation from existing investors Titan Capital besides marquee angel investors like Kunal Shah (Founder, CRED), Dilip Khandelwal (MD & Global CIO, Deutsche Bank), Sumit Maniyar (Founder, Rupeek), Ramakanth Sharma (Co-founder, Livspace), Gaurav Agarwal (Co-founder, 1mg), Vivek (Founder, Bounce), Akhil Paul (MD, Caparo Group), Nitin Gupta (ex-Founder, PayU) and Karthik (Ubiquity Capital).”
Credgenics – USP
In India, where the credit demand of more than $600 Billion is being met through informal sources, digital lending is set to cross the $100 Billion mark by the end of 2023. Increased disbursement of credit has also led to a spike in NPAs for both NBFCs and banks. This was an opportunity for Rishabh to put across his knowledge and skillset to work in the Indian market to launch Credgenics, which is at a confluence of legal, technology, and finance.
The biggest challenge the stakeholders noticed was in the data management, which was hardly being updated, and the process was not streamlined. But now, the platform assists lenders in streamlining and digitizing their collections and legal workflows with customized strategies and faster legal solutions for stressed assets.
It also offers Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) and mediation services by becoming an intermediary between its clients and borrowers. The ‘plug-and-play SaaS solution digitizes the entire collections process on an easy-to-use interface and provides an AI-powered personalized collections strategy, which optimizes and automates action through automated communication, field agencies, and legal notices.
There are certain USPs that Credgenics bank on:
Updated Dashboards: The Data Analysis team maintains the data and keeps it organized. This data is then analyzed and the results are reflected on its dashboards that keep the internal teams informed about the status of each borrower case, and the lenders also can keep track of each case’s position. This helps to decide the future course of action.
Automated Communication Model: One ingredient Credgenics vouchs for is the communication channels that it uses which include telecommunication, SMS, online legal notices (which are duly tracked), and the data is updated.
Digital Notices: The other USP is the digital notices model where the defaulters are sent digital notices. They are given the notice through a URL which when clicked helps the team also to track the status. This also helps them to identify the nervousness factor of the borrower. In the future, this becomes potential digital evidence if the creditor files for judicial remedy.
Lawyers on board: Credgenicsnot only has its own Legal Team but also has empanelled lawyers across India who help them with mediation and litigation services, in case the borrower’s account turns delinquent or if the borrower seeks mediation due to a genuine reason behind the inability to pay. During the COVID-19 crisis and the resultant job and market recession, the team has even advised loan restructuring to their client for sensitive cases, so that the client’s risk profile does not suffer, nor does the borrower get entangled in mentally strenuous legal situations.
Credgenics SaaS Platform
Credgenics – Name, Tagline and Logo
The name is very self-explanatory in a way. Cred comes from ‘credit’, which stands for not only the credible platform and services that the team were building but also for the credit building through the technology-aided debt collection for the lending institutions. The ‘Genics’ represents the idea of genesis or evolution of the first such platform that aims at creating dents on the NPA crisis and supports the economy as a debt recovery platform. Also, ‘genetics’ in the scientific language means producing, so to the two IIT-ian Co-founders this came as a natural addition to the ‘cred’.
Credgenics tagline ‘Converting Bad Debts into Good Assets’ is based on the basic principles on which the research and the final outcome of what they call Credgenics, and “I would humbly state that this tagline is what we would like to grow further with” says Rishabh.
Credgenics Logo
About the logo, initially, they just had the CG from CredGenics as its logo. But as Credgenics got bigger and designers joined the team, they decided to redo its logo, and the circular motive where C is wrapped around G is not only symbolic of the name but also of the dent they intend to make on the said vicious loan cycle.
The business model of Credgenics revolves around the SaaS platform, which is a one-stop solution for banks, NBFCs, and fintech, among others who are unable to recover the loan amounts from their borrowers. There are two proposals that it presents to its clients –
One of which is the Software platform alone. Here, the client can choose to use the software model, and using the API integration they can put their data and the platform arranges and manages the data. This data then is used by their in-house calling or legal team to communicate with the borrowers.
The second proposal is to use both its software and the collection services. In this, Credgenics seek their data and integrates it using its API. The data is then used by the telecommunication team initially. Where the data for each payment is managed by the Data Analyst teams and the future plan is discussed by the respective collections and legal teams, whereby, if the borrowers refuse to pay, then legal notices are sent and tracked by Credgenics teams. It offers the Online Dispute Resolutions (ODR) to those interested or maintaining the data for its clients if they need to present it as evidence in the court of law.
Revenue Model of Credgenics | Charges and Payments:
When it comes to Credgenics charges, it charges a lump sum amount for the software platform alone. However, if the client seeks the second proposal which is software and services, then it takes specific numbers of cases from the client and then charges a certain percentage over the entire loan amountrecovered.
What helps the client with loan recovery is the automated platform that makes data management and communication tracking an easy process. Credgenics also customizes solutions for each client and the challenge is actually with the unsecured loans, where the communication is the secret ingredient and the riskier tiers and lack of documentation often makes the data a mammoth task.
Strategies Adopted during Credgenics Launch
“To be fairly honest, when the moratorium was announced, we thought that for a few months we would have to lie low, however, with the collection becoming challenging in the moratorium and post-moratorium phase, we started getting more clients” Rishabh added.
Initially, Credgenics clients came to them to test its platform. It was the performance that not only made them stay but earned them more clients.
Rishabh says – “Word of mouthour name spread. The present success owes a great deal of accolades to the Business Development and Customer Management team as well, who help us spread our reach and retain those we have on board”
The strategies were fairly uncomplicated. The team demonstrated its platform and features, then they would onboard the client with a set of cases on trial. Once that would shine, they would go further.
Now the team has more strategies, such as newsletters, social media engagements, constant customer engagements and problem-solving, and other such channels that help Credgenics with the recognition. As Credgenics is growing, the team aims to involve better engagement strategies.
The biggest challenge that Credgenics faced was reaching out to the borrowers within ethical measures, owing to the pandemic and the pay cuts and job losses it brought along. The other problem that the team identified is language. India is a land of 18 official languages and many dialects. For this, the team brought native speakers, and its notices are also drafted in local languages. This strategy of globalization has not only helped Credgenics bridge a mental distance between the borrowers and collection agents but also make the process more vernacular-oriented, thereby supporting India’s rich ethnic legacy as well.
Legal notices also become a problem because the borrower would either change residence, contact, etc. or can outright deny the receipt of the notices. This makes the door-to-door movement of legal agents a problem and also causes issues in accumulating evidence for the court proceedings. With its URL-enabled digital notices, Credgenics helps the creditors with both notices and evidence.
From the same or similar perspective comes the problem of collection. Credgenics digitized the repayment, thereby reducing the door-to-door collection. This saves the borrowers from embarrassment and saves costs for its clients.
A constant cash flow from the borrower to the creditor is needed to combat the alarming 14.8% NPA, which might grow owing to the global pandemic crisis. Here also, the Credgenics process allows the flow to stay alive, the risk profiles of the creditors to stay afloat, and the CIBIL scores of the borrowers to remain decent.
“We do not intend to see a huge list of defaulters, and that is one problem we combat every day” Rishabh added.
Credgenics – Successful Marketing Campaigns
Since the platform and the offerings were unique and were already a disruption, hence the team did not need an elaborate GTM (go-to-market strategy). The extensive research and the foundational work on the platform and the prevalent condition of the lending ecosystem gave enough input to the founders. Rishabh’s research showed him the loopholes, while Anand’s and Mayank’s expertise helped him fill the gaping holes.
Since the research itself, the founding team kept getting data. This data was utilized and to launch Credgenics as a unique offering, the prospective clients were found using available leads, while for newer leads the professional network over the ecosystem was reached out to. The demonstration sessions were conducted. This GTM was later substantiated by reaching out to more people by content or investor and existing client networks. The implementation of core marketing strategies began later.
The existing lending ecosystem is being disrupted in many ways. To begin with, SaaS platforms are not used to date, as the age-old process of manually floating the data is still being followed by most of the creditors. The platform features data management, which involves tracking the entire system of collection and recovery that each case is going through. The data is then analyzed and shared with the internal teams and the clients. This data also helps in assessing the recovery progress and predicting future possibilities.
The automated communication system is a disruption, where the messages and calls are timely, and The tracked, and yet the privacy measures are duly followed. The other disruption is in the form of Digital Notices. Reducing the manual and strenuous process of lawyers drafting and sending notices, without a proper track of those being received and adhered to had to be reduced. Thus, they came up with digital notices that are triggered when a defaulter case is identified. The notices are tracked through a URL, whereby the receipt is not only recorded but the number of times it is clicked is recorded to predict the nervousness of the borrower. This can also be used in court as evidence if needed.
Credgenics – Growth
Credgenics is located in Delhi and operates its working SaaS-based model from there. At present, It helps more than 40 NBFCs/Fintechs and 7 Banks including HDFC, ICICI Bank, Clix Capital, Shubh Loans, LoanTap, Udaan, MoneyTap, etc., streamline their recovery section with a blend of data-driven technology and legal solutions.
Credgenics – Funding and Investors
Credgenics team completed the seed round led by Titan Capital along with a few seasoned investors in May 2020
In 2020, Credgenics raised $3.5 million in a pre-Series-A round led by Accel Partners, DMI Alternatives fund with participation from existing angel investors Titan Capital.
Credgenics recently raised a substantial funding round of $50 million on August 9, 2023, with investments from Accel and Westbridge Capital.
Credgenics does not consider anyone as a direct competitor who can provide both collection and legal combined recovery suites on a single SaaS platform but can claim CreditMate as one of the competitors.
Tools used by Credgenics to run the Startup
The SaaS platform is Credgenics’ basic tool, where automated communication through SMS, cloud-based telephone calls, and WhatsApp messages are the other tools. For the data integration, the team relies on API, and AI and ML are the key instruments in the platform and the digital processes. The technology-driven team constantly uses permutations and combinations to keep the dashboards, websites, and communication smooth and personalized. Since servers are decentralized, they are relatively worry-free of data calamities.
Credgenics – Awards and Recognitions
Recently, Credgenics founders got featured in Forbes 30 under 30, and have won the Young Entrepreneur awards from Business Mint for two years in a row.
Credgenics – FAQs
What is Credgenics?
At Credgenics, the core product is the SaaS platform that comes armed with two unique offerings, the Automated Communication and Digital Legal Notice Module. Its SaaS-enabled debt recovery platform was designed to help lessen the burden of the lenders
Who are the founders of Credgenics?
Anand Agrawal, Mayank Khera, and Rishabh Goel are the co-founders of Credgenics.
When was Credgenics founded?
Credgenics was founded in 2018.
How much funding has Credgenics raised?
In 2020, Credgenics raised $3.5 million in a pre-Series-A round led by Accel Partners, DMI Alternatives fund with participation from existing angel investors Titan Capital, among others.
How does Credgenics make money?
When it comes to Credgenics’ charges, it charges a lump sum amount for the software platform alone. However, if the client seeks a complete recovery solution, then it takes a specific number of cases from the client and then charges a certain percentage over the recovered loan amount.
Is Credgenics an Indian Company?
Yes, Credgenics is an Indian company and the headquarters in Delhi, India.
Who are Credgenics’ competitors?
Credgenics claims CreditMate as one of the competitors.
Who are the investors in Credgenics?
Titan Capital, Accel Partners, DMI Alternatives fund
We are living in an era where fintech is taking over the world. Technology has always given us a revolutionary form in every sector, now it is the turn for fintech. India has become a hub for startups. More and more people are showing their interest in being an entrepreneur. Fintech startups are showing immense growth in the country and as of now, India has over 2,100 Fintech companies. As per reports, by 2025 the fintech market in India is expected to reach $150-160 billion.
Now, any kind of business needs funds to function, without funds, the survival of a business is not possible. The fintech industry is booming with new business ideas and opportunities alike. Now Fintech startups are experiencing growth and one of the prime reasons is the investors. They are providing these startups with the required funds that their business needs. In this article, we will talk about the different investors in India that invest in fintech startups. So, without any further ado, let’s get started.
“FinTech is not only an enabler but the driving engine” -Pierre Gramegna
How Fintech Founders are Planning to Dominate the Indian Bond Market?
Elevation Capital which is formerly known as SAIF Partners is a venture capital firm known for investing in some of the most popular startups and is one of the biggest investors in India. The company was founded in the year 2002 by Ravi Adusumalli and since then it has never looked back and provided support to some of the biggest fintech startups in India. Some of the popular Indian fintech startups that have received funding from this venture capital firm are PayTm, FamPay, Uni, Jodo Anthem, Aye Finance, Acko, and more.
This Mumbai-based investment firm, founded in 2010 has been showing its grasp by investing in some of the seed-stage and early-seed-stage startups from all sectors of business. The venture capital firm has participated in more than 175 funding deals. Some of the Indian fintech companies it has invested in areInstamojo, Turtlemint, Slice, Zopper, Kaleidofin, Unicoin, smallcase, and more. Blume Ventures is one of the most popular venture capital firms in India that has generously invested in some of the most popular fintechs in India.
Better Capital is founded by Vaibhav Domkundwar and the firm is focused on building and investing in promising businesses. This India-based, venture capital firm has been showing its interest in fintech startups from the very beginning. Better Capital’s investment portfolio includes more than 200 companies among which 40 are related to fintech. The venture capital firm has invested in some of the popular fintech startups like Rupeek, Open, Slice, M2P, Jupiter, Rupify and others.
Kalaari Capital is a popular Indian Venture Capital firm that is founded by a woman, Vani Kola. The headquarters of the Kalaari Capital is situated in Bengaluru. The investment firm founded in 2006 mainly looks for promising and early seed-stage startups from multiple sectors to invest in. Kalaari Capital has invested in the likes of Threedots, Upstox, Toffee Insurance, AffordPlan, WeRize and other fintech startups.
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The venture capital firm mainly focuses on early-stage businesses and invests in them. The company focuses on multiple sectors including Fintech, Edtech, b2b sectors dealing with fintech, Health-tech, SaaS, consumer brands and others. The headquarters of the company is situated in Mumbai. The company has invested in more than 70 deals and among them, 9 are related to fintech startups. Some of the popular fintech startups that the venture has invested in areLendingkart, LoanTap, Upwards, Propelld, and more.
Prime Venture Partners
Founder – Amit Somani, Sanjay Swamy and Shripati Acharya
Prime Venture Partners – Fintech Investors in India
Prime Venture Partners was founded in the year 2011 and since then it has funded many fintech startups. The company was founded by Amit Somani, Sanjay Swamy and Shripati Acharya and the headquarters is situated in Bengaluru. The company has also invested in the sectors of Edtech, SaaS, and health care. Some of the major fintech startups that Prime Venture Partners have invested inareNiyo, AffordPlan, KredX, Knight FinTech, and more.
Pravega Ventures
Founder – Mukul Singhal, Rohit Jain and Vinay Menon
Another prominent fintech investor in India on the list is Pravega Ventures, founded by Mukul Singhal, Rohit Jain and Vinay Menon. The headquarters of the company is situated in Delhi. Pravega Ventures has contributed to more than 26 funding deals till now. The venture capital firm focuses on tech-related startups which include fintech as well. It has invested in fintech startups like ePayLater, Flexmoney, Mintoak, MyShubhLife, and more.
Titan Capital
Founder – Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal Founded – 2015 Investment Portfolio – LogiPe, Jupiter, Credgencies, Razorpay, Tinkerr, Astu Credit
Titan Capital – Fintech Investors in India
Titan Capital is a venture capital firm whose headquarters is situated in Gurugram. The most interesting thing is that the firm is founded by Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal who are the founders of Snapdeal. The firm focuses on funding seed-stage and pre-seed-stage startups. It was founded in the year 2015 and since then Titan Capital has participated in many funding deals related to different sectors of startups. Titan Capital has invested in fintech startups like LogiPe, Jupiter, Credgencies, Razorpay, Tinkerr, Astu Credit, and more.
For any kind of business, investment is necessary. Investors willingly provide businesses that they deem to be potential with the needed funds. Fintech startups are growing in numbers in India, and it seems like it’s just the start of the real game. Naturally, investors are also looking to invest in fintech startups as financial services have become an important need and the market is growing quite fast. With time, many other venture capital firms will also start investing generously in fintech startups.
FAQs
What is Fintech?
Financial technology is abbreviated to FinTech and it comprises companies that use technology to offer financial services.
How many fintech startups are there in India?
There are more than 2100 fintech startups in India as of 2022.
Subham Kumar
