Tag: How IPO works

Most companies focus on IPO (Initial Public Offering) only after they have attained unicorn status. But, is it actually the criteria for it? After all, this is one of the best measures to generate funds for your company.

In this blog, we will discuss the various aspects of IPO and how you can determine whether your company is ready for IPO status.

Keep reading…

What is IPO?
How IPO works?
Process of IPO
What Does It Take for a Startup to Be IPO-Ready?

What is IPO?

Initial Public Offering or IPO is the process through which a private corporation offers its shares to the public for the first time, in new stock issuance. It is also a measure for the company to raise capital from public investors.

It is one of the ways for private investors to fully realize their investments. Sometimes it also works as an exit strategy for the earlier investors or founders by fully realizing their gains. It provides the opportunity for the company to obtain capital through their primary market by offering its shares.

Usually, the companies hire investment banks to help with the market demand and set the price for IPO.

How IPO works?

A company before IPO is considered a private firm. It only comprises of a few shareholders including the founders, cofounders, or professional investors like angel investors or venture capitalists.

IPO does not just allow the company to gather capital but, it also provides an opportunity to expand and grow faster. As stated earlier, typically the companies that have acquired unicorn status i.e., have reached the valuation of 1 billion, advertise their interest in going public.

However, private companies that have proven their calibre for profitability and have well-built fundamentals can also qualify for an IPO. A company should reach the maturity stage where it is able to stand up to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Also, it should be able to take care of the benefits of the shareholders and its responsibility towards them. Overall the market competition and the company’s ability to deal with the list of requirements make it eligible for starting the IPO process.

When a company decides to go public, its previously private shares are converted into public shares. The worth of the shares already existing with the previous private shareholders becomes equal to the public trading price.

Now, every individual who is interested in investing in the company has the opportunity to contribute towards the company’s shareholders’ equity. Therefore, the new value of the company’s shareholders’ equity depends upon the number and price of shares it sells.

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Process of IPO

The IPO process is divided into two parts, the premarketing phase and the actual initial public offering. A company first advertises to underwriters, these are the individuals responsible for evaluating and assuming the company’s risk for payment.

These underwriters are requested for private bids after which the company chooses one or more of them to lead their IPO process. There can be several underwriters responsible for managing different parts of the process viz. filing, marketing, document preparation, etc.

The various steps included in the IPO process are as follows:

Proposals

After the company’s advertisement, underwriters submit their proposals describing their services, offering prices, share amount, as well as the time duration for the market offering.

Underwriter selection

The Company goes through the proposals and then chooses the underwriter and an underwriting agreement with terms is prepared.

Team formation

A team comprising of underwriters, lawyers, SEC experts, and Certified Public Accountants (CPA) is formed to lead the process.

Documentation

The primary document for IPO filing is the S-1 Registration Statement which is divided into two parts viz. the prospectus and the privately held filing information. This document also includes information regarding the expected filing date. It undergoes multiple revisions throughout the pre-IPO process.

Marketing & Updates

New stock of issuance is pre-marketed by the underwriters and executives to estimate the market demand for deciding the final offering price of the shares. Throughout the marketing process, underwriters revise the financial analysis based on market response. This might also include changing the issuance date or even the price of the IPO. The SEC as well as exchange listing requirements are well taken care of by the companies.

Board & Processes

A Board of Directors is formed to look after the financial and accounting information as per the audit requirements for quarterly reporting.

Issuance of Shares

The Company issues the shares on the pre-decided date. The primary shareholder issuance is received as cash and is recorded in the balance sheet as stakeholder’s equity.

Post-IPO

There are certain post-IPO provisions. The underwriters also have the opportunity to buy additional shares within a specified time duration.

The key objective of an IPO is to raise additional capital for a company. It also benefits the company through increased prestige and exposure amongst the public which may boost sales and profits. Moreover, IPO can help a company lower the cost of capital for both equity and debt.

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What Does It Take for a Startup to Be IPO-Ready?

Every year several companies start their journey as an IPO. India saw an IPO boom in 2021 with around 125 companies making their debut in the market.

Although the highest number of IPOs were registered in 2017 reaching a mark of 172, the capital raised was highest in 2021. These 125 companies raised around 18 billion USD in comparison to 10 billion USD by 170 companies in 2017.

Other than earning handsome returns, the companies listed in the IPO have also experienced strong gains in listings as well as an increased number of subscribers. Zomato and Tatva Chintan Pharma are an example of this.

But, what does it take for a company to be IPO-ready? In this section, we will discuss the factors that differentiate an IPO company from others.

The process to become IPO-ready is long and tedious. It isn’t so that a company thinks of it and makes an announcement the next day. A number of things have to be managed.

The process of getting IPO ready begins at least 12˗18 months before the actual announcement. Some of the major factors looked after during this time frame include:

Influential Board of Directors

When you are thinking of bringing your company to the public for funding, having a board comprised of members well recognized for their potential and decisions is always a good idea.

This plays a significant role in establishing your firm as a reputed and confident organization. This is why most companies focusing on getting IPO-ready look for admired experts from different sectors.

There are a number of examples in the market to prove this fact. For example, ixigo is an AI-based travel portal. Just sometime before the company filed for IPO they hired former IRCTC Chairman, Mahendra Pratap Mall as one of the board members.

Similarly, former HDFC MD, Aditya Puri joined API holdings, PharmEasy’s parent company, before their announcement of being an IPO contender.

Restructuring the Business

Internal restructuring might be required by some businesses to put their best arm to work. However, just like the board, these decisions must also be taken well in advance before the IPO process begins.

For example, in Nuvoco Vistas, the cement arm of Nirma group, internal restructuring was undertaken before IPO. As a part of it, the Rajasthan cement unit was brought under the hold of the firm. The company had a 5000 crore IPO.

Physical or Digital

The experts claim that the coming time would make it mandatory for Indian businesses to work in both physical and digital ways. Taking this into caution, many deals are being made, where a digital business acquired a physical one and vice versa.

These deals are majorly done for scaling up, by filling in the gaps in the portfolio and strengthening different verticals of the company.

For example, Pharmeasy, an online pharmacy startup acquired a 66.1% stake in diagnostics chain thyrocare technologies, for Rs 4,546 crore, to diversify its business.

Experts believe that more such omnichannel transactions will follow in the coming time and such deals will soon become a part of pre-IPO requirements.

Executive Support

Another important but often ignored aspect of IPO is finance function. While most businesses focus on a board full of influential directors there is the least attention paid to the finance division.

The fact is that during the entire IPO process the company face a number of stumbling blocks. That is why they need a team who can back them up during their stresses.

Considering an experienced Chief Finance Officer (CFO) for the company is a great step to include in the IPO process. After going public, the CFO has to face challenges such as greater reporting, governance, regulatory, and audit standards.

Although not seen everywhere but the food delivery company Zomato, opted for a new CFO well before its IPO process. They promoted their Corporate Development Head, Akshant Goyal, to the position of CFO.

Businesses should also look for experienced individuals for the posts such as executives, company secretaries, etc.

Financial Transparency

Irrespective of business size or model, financial transparency forms an essential aspect of the IPO process. This is also a part of the equity strategy of the IPO-bound company.

Generally, financial statements for the past 3 years before the IPO announcement are considered optimum. Yet, experts believe that preparing financial statements and subjecting them to review by the board must begin well in advance.

In many cases, the lack of quality financial statements becomes the reason for missing the IPO timelines while other such reasons maybe not be SEBI ready.

For a startup or any business going public means more responsibility, financial discipline, planning as well as its execution.

There is a tough road ahead so before you finally decide to have IPO, the following checklist must be marked:

Growth

Investors will only be interested in spending their money on a healthy and thriving business. With growth, here we mean revenues. Growing revenue is an indicator that the company has more new customers, or old customers buying more products and that the customer churn rate is low.

Experts believe that revenue growth of 30% for the last two years will ensure that the company will be able to stand against its competitors in the market.

Capital

Although gathering resilient capital is the main reason for any business to opt for IPO but going public at a time when the business really needs capital can be the worst decision.

There should be enough cash in your balance sheet not just to attract investors but also to make you appear trustworthy. Just like you, investors are also here for the money. They want to see that soon their investment will be able to provide them with good returns.

Market Size

Large market size is an indicator of opportunity and potential. This means the company is able to expand without much hassle.

Although calculating the exact market size can be tricky, it is traditionally done by gauging the revenues of the legacy players. Also, factors like high growth, scaling up, etc., are indicators of good market size.

Competitors

Direct or indirect, having a track of competitors is important. The investors would only want to spend their money on a winning bet. The overall IPO opportunity as well as the total addressable market depends upon the competitors.

A more crowded market tends to receive a lower valuation. Unless there is a clear differentiation between the company under question and other competitors in the market, it is difficult to bag the deal.

A systematic, dominant company with an already large market is preferred by public investors.

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Unit Economics

This refers to the analysis per product revenue and cost. This helps in isolating the core cost of the business and helps gauge how the business would perform at maturity. It also analyses the long-term margins.

Leadership

Good leadership inspires the trust of investors. The CEO and CFO are the faces of the company. The reputed and recognized faces help attract public attention as well as investment.

So before thinking about IPO, think about the board of directors, executives, and finance in charge of your company.

Legal Compliance

The company should be a law-abiding entity and must have all the required licenses and other necessary formalities completed as per law. Not having any legal issues pending strengthens the trust of the investors.

Therefore, it is also essential to get rid of any vetting issues. Any vetting issues must be managed with utmost concern before the company is listed for IPO

It is always good to have a legal team to guide you through the process. They may also be helpful in the preparation of documentation submitted during the time of IPO processing, ensuring that they are as per the rules and regulations of the Security and Exchange Commission. Moreover, the company should be apt with the tax payment and other legal responsibilities.

Conclusion

We have shared with you an extensive checklist while trying to cover major aspects of the IPO process and the necessary details that must be taken care of before deciding to go for it. Still, the IPO process is complex and always requires expert advice.

It is essential to go through every detail carefully while making the final decision. The legal, as well as financial issues, must be handled as a priority without ignoring the other related functions.

FAQs

What are the benefits of buying an IPO?

There are several benefits of buying shares in an IPO such as:

• High growth potential
• High chance of big returns in the long term
• More price-related transparency
• Shareholder ownership authority
• Small investments may provide great profit

How can I buy shares in an IPO?

Buying shares in an IPO is a complicated task. This is the common procedure for buying shares in an IPO:

• Choose the right IPO
• You must have a Demat account/trading account and PAN card with a broker that offers IPO access
• Arrangement of Funds
• Bidding of Shares
• Get an allotment of shares

How can I find the best IPO?

To find the best IPO you need to do the following things:

• Understand the business
• Analyze the Growth Potential of the company
• Check the Utilization of the proceeds
• Check Promoters’ Background
• Study Financial Growth of the Company
• Read the prospectus carefully
• Check Price and Dividend