Vijay Vittal Mallya, popularly known as Vijay Mallya, is an Indian businessman and an ex-Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha). He was born in Kolkata, on 18 December 1955. He can be commonly recalled as the former owner of the IPL cricket team of Royal Challengers Bangalore and the former owner of Kingfisher Airlines.
Furthermore, he is also the ex-chairman of the biggest spirits manufacturing company in India, United Spirits. Mallya still retains his post as the chairman of United Breweries Group.
He is also the face of one of the biggest financial scandals in India and is a subject of extradition efforts by the Indian Government. Let’s understand the complete story of Vijay Mallya.
Vijay Mallya lost an appeal against bankruptcy in April 2025 in London’s High Court. The court had earlier declared him bankrupt because he owes more than 1 billion pounds (about $1.28 billion) to banks, including the State Bank of India.
Mallya, who now lives in the UK, has been fighting a long legal battle with the banks and the Indian government since his airline, Kingfisher Airlines, shut down in 2012.
Vijay Mallya – Family
Vijay Mallya was born to an affluent business family as a son of the former chairman of the United Breweries Group, Vittal Mallya and Lalitha Ramaiah. Soon after his father’s death, Mallya succeeded his father to become the chairman of the United Breweries Group at the early age of 28.
Vijay Mallya, now 69, married Sameera Sharma, an air hostess of Air India, in 1986, and their first son, Siddharth Mallya was born on May 7, 1987. However, his first marriage didn’t last long, and soon after they were divorced, Mallya married Rekha Mallya, who is his present wife, in June 1993. He adopted Rekha’s daughter, Leila during the time of his marriage and also has two daughters from his present wife, Leanne, and Tanya.
Vijay Mallya – Education
Mallya spent his school and college days in Kolkata. He was a student of La Martinière Calcutta, where he was appointed House Captain of Hastings house in the final year, following which, he went on to be admitted to St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata, where he graduated with an Honours in the Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1976.
He interned in his family’s businesses during his college days. Post-graduation, Mallya flew to the United States and joined as an intern at the American part of Hoechst AG.
Though Vijay Mallya was born to humble parents, he never decided to settle for a quiet life like his father. He had soaring ambitions and a desire to exceed them. His journey started with United Breweries, which was already an MNC business conglomerate, comprising over 60 companies.
As soon as he joined the business, he worked hard to grow the business and managed to increase the overall turnover by around 64%, reaching US $ 11 billion in 1998-1999. He was already living a lifestyle of that of kings, being dubbed as the “King of Good Times” that eventually became the tagline of Kingfisher.
In the year 2005, Mallya launched his new airline company, Kingfisher Airlines to further diversify his business, which later on became the cause of his downfall.
Kingfisher Airlines
Vijay Mallya – When and How Did the Bubble Burst?
Within a relatively short span of time, Vijay Mallya got what he aimed for but continued to dream bigger. Kingfisher Airlines was launched at the peak of his career when he was already living a lifestyle that most people cannot even dream of but after a brief spell of success and with skying debts, it was finally shut down in 2012.
Vijay Mallya’s success didn’t seem to last long not because of his ambitious dreams but due to his dishonest ways to achieve the same.
Kingfisher Airlines was a business built on a platform of losses, and as a result of which it has echoed losses ever since it was launched. Intending to overcome the financial burdens, which started to weigh heavy by then, Mallya decided to fly overseas. However, according to the rules, an airline company needs to run its local operations successfully before it can look forward to flying internationally.
Here, Mallya planned to rush things by acquiring another low-cost airline company, Air Deccan by paying over the odds but this viciously backfired Mallya, catalyzed by the rising loans and catapulted by the economic downturn of 2008 and 2009.
Revenue of Kingfisher Airlines
At the end of 2009, Kingfisher Airlines was already due for a massive sum of Rs 7,000 crores, a major part of which was siphoned by Mallya as loans from 17 Indian banks allegedly to shell companies in Britain, Switzerland, and Ireland. Furthermore, he also left staff underpaid and even unpaid when he couldn’t meet the due amount. Kingfisher Airlines finally crashed in 2012 with the aircraft seized.
Vijay Mallya Timeline
How Banks Gave the Loan to Kingfisher?
Banks give loans based on the collateral of the same amount given in the loan. But these banks gave loans to Vijay Mallya on items like office stationery, boarding pass printers, folding chairs, computer screens, and wood tables as collateral. The bank’s willingness to provide loans based on current assets as capital created suspicions on the bank officials who passed their loans.
Also, the loans given by SBI were on the trademarks and Goodwill of Kingfisher airlines kept as collateral. SBI chairman OP Bhatt was involved in providing such fraud loans to him.
Banks lost their money because of the officials who granted and processed the loans, without checking all the collaterals and taking securities that were to be followed as per rules and regulations. They came under the pressure of their seniors who were bribed by Vijay Mallya. Also, he took the help of his political connections to process such big loans.
The loans taken on the name of Kingfisher Airlines and UB group weren’t used for its actual cause. Banks never knew that the loans taken by Vijay Mallya were laundered overseas to various tax havens. All this was done with the help of shell companies.
Mallya would have the bank loans moved to these shell firms, which were set up with sham directors for this reason. These companies did not have any source of income and weren’t active at all. The loans taken were only to further his agenda. The directors placed in the shell companies would act according to the command of Mallya. The money was transferred to seven different countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, Ireland, Switzerland, France, and South Africa.
Furthermore, Vijay Mallya diverted the money he got from the loans to fund his IPL team Royal Challengers Bangalore. He bought the most expensive IPL team RCB at INR 476 Crore with the money of public sector banks. Around 77 payments were done by the SBI bank account of Kingfisher Airlines to the IPL Vendors. He had spent massive amounts lavishly over cricketers from the borrowed money of the banks.
At first, this case seemed similar to those in businessmen getting unlucky. But a closer look reveals this is was a case of smart money laundering. As our Indian banking sector is still developing, there are many loopholes in the system. People like Vijay Mallya took the advantage of such loopholes and made their unhealthy marks on the economic system.
Here is a list of how much loan was taken from each bank:
Rs 1,600 crore
State Bank of India
Rs 800 crore
PNB
Rs 800 crore
IDBI Bank
Rs 650 crore
Bank of India
Rs 550 crore
Bank of Baroda
Rs 430 crore
United Bank of India
Rs 410 crore
Central Bank of India
Rs 320 crore
UCO Bank
Rs 310 crore
Corporation Bank
Rs 140 crore
Indian Overseas Bank
Rs 90 crore
Federal Bank
Rs 60 crore
Punjab & Sind Bank
Rs 50 crore
Axis Bank
Rs 600 crore
3 other Banks
Rs 150 crore
State Bank of Mysore
The government of India despite its repeated attempts for extradition, is yet to arrest him from the UK, where he has fled post the issuance of the warrants against him.
“The evil that men do lives after them; the good is often interred with their bones.”
The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act was rolled out by the Indian government in 2018 and by this act, Vijay Mallya was labelled as the first fugitive economic offender of the nation. He is now remembered by the same.
Vijay Mallya studied at La Martiniere School in Kolkata and later graduated with a degree in commerce from St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata. He was known for being a bright student and also actively participated in extracurricular activities during his college years.
Is Vijay Mallya still the owner of Kingfisher?
No, Vijay Mallya is no longer the owner of Kingfisher Airlines. The airline, which he founded in 2005, ceased operations in 2012 due to severe financial difficulties and accumulated debts. By 2013, Kingfisher Airlines had lost its license to operate, and Mallya had exited the airline business.
What is Kingfisher owner name?
Vijay Mallya was the founder and former owner of both Kingfisher Airlines and Kingfisher beer, he no longer holds ownership or control over either entity.
What is Vijay Mallya net worth?
In 2013, Forbes estimated Vijay Mallya’s net worth at approximately $750 million. By 2022, some reports suggested his net worth had rebounded to around $1.2 billion. As of March 2025, corporate filings indicate that Mallya holds public shares in three companies, with a combined value exceeding INR 4,683 crore (approximately $560 million).
Talking about scams and frauds by businesses or companies has become a fad in today’s times. The list is going only upward while the innocents are being looted, it has become imperative to stay updated and informed regarding a company or business.
According to the Federal Trade Commission, USA mentions that fraudulent opportunities mostly occur in the top 10 categories in its database reports of consumers complaining about fraud activities.
In India, fraudsters are tough to avoid. With many unemployed job seekers, the list of fake companies in India is long. This act of swindling is growing at an enormous rate with high risk in our digitally enabled world.
To think of frauds, the use of the internet has given birth to many security challenges that people tend to get trapped in. Over the years, India has seen many corporate frauds that left a deep wound in the confidence of many investors. Companies like Satyam, Kingfisher Airlines, DHFL, and YES Bank are some of the big corporate frauds the country has witnessed.
These scam artists are sophisticated as they exactly know how, whom, and where to target customers. In terms of investing in any business, consumers need to look for proper information and must know their rights. If a business has no information available, then that should be treated as a red flag for not pursuing it further.
While keeping in view these corporate frauds, there must be an awareness program for identifying fraud companies. Until there are certain programs available, you can always cross-check a company on your own.
In this article, we have curated some tips on how to identify a fraudulent business or company.
Specific things to look out for in a company to know if they are real are as follows:
Check Whether the Company Is Registered by Visiting the MCA Website
In India, for a company to be licensed, they need to register itself with the Registrar of Companies. MCA is the short form for the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, which is a government-regulated online portal containing the details of all the companies that have been incorporated in India.
On this website, you can check for the registration number of a company, what type of a company is, the date of incorporation, and other such details.
Check Out if the Company Has a Website and Look For Other Details on Their Site
Even if the company has a website, try to get a closer look at the address and contact number. Every website has a ‘contact’ page, where the address and a telephone number will be given to get in touch with them.
Try calling them with the number provided and search on Google maps to verify it is an actual office and not a fake one. However, you should also keep in mind that phone numbers are super easy to fake, so depending only on this fact can never give a piece of accurate information about the company.
If the company says ‘local business’ on its website, try to search in other cities to see if they are running their operation in other localities. If they happen to show the same website in other areas as well, know that they are not right. These businesses usually have copied templates with many broken hyperlinks.
Check for Wrong Spelling and Grammar
Spelling and grammar are the two most important things that will impress anyone. Make sure you go through every detail given on the website, and if you notice unsatisfactory English sentences and wrong spelling, then it is time for you not to indulge with them. Inaccurate sentence formation clearly shows there is something wrong, and you should investigate further before coming to a final decision.
Check for Their Privacy Policy
Another thing you can look for in a company to be legitimate is by reading their privacy policy carefully. Read about their history that will give a brief about how long the company is in operation.
Even if they have a privacy policy read through their mission and vision statement and look for anything suspicious. Reading through their privacy policy will also allow you to give information about their registered business address and other details which you can check on the MCA website.
Check for Their Customer Testimonials and Reviews
Feedbacks or reviews are the best way to find out about a company. The reviews can reflect different people’s opinions and provide you with a concrete overall idea about the company.
Check if the Company Accept Payments
If you are trying to get employed by that company, remember they will never ask you to pay cash or any sort of payment. Other than this, if you are paying for any service, it is important to see how the company accepts payments.
They should accept payments through secure methods and not through shady and insecure methods like paper cheques or cash. Consider looking into payment methods from which you can your money back if things go wrong or if their product or service does not give you satisfactory results.
Conclusion
Scams are a part of the system, and we must accept that incidents like these are inevitable. It can be safe to say companies and the government, in general, must lay down a strong foundation system that keeps a close watch on such activities.
A substantial system with regular monitoring, a robust recruitment process by companies, and launching awareness programs for the public are the kind of things we desperately need.
The above-mentioned points are some of the factors through, which you can check a business’s lawfulness, but it is always better to trust your instincts if you feel something is wrong with the company.
FAQs
How do you know if a company is legit or not?
Check the trademark of the company, check their business on MCA, look for any grammatical errors, and check out the company privacy policy.
How do businesses identify and control fraud?
Many businesses develop a strategy against fraud, protect their businesses from cyber attacks, and know the customers in and out.
In the past few years, cases of many banking frauds have been gripping attention. Take the cases of these billionaire entrepreneurs like Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi, and Lalit Modi, to name a few.
When most of the investors thought that the economy would be retained and business will run like usual, the Indian economy seems to have been hit again by another corporate bandit. We are talking about what is known to be the biggest scam in Indian History – the DHFL scam after the ABG Shipyard fraud case of Rs 20,000 crore.
Headquartered in Mumbai in the year 1984, the multinational housing corporation DHFL was founded with the idea to allow economical housing loans to lower and middle-income families in semi-urban and rural areas of India.
The DHFL stands for Dewan Housing Financial Limited, a well-known non-banking financial service provider in India and also the biggest in the sector it operates.
The Reveal of the DHFL Scam
All the tension started to begin for DHFL when the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) charged them and others for duping a sum of Rs 34,615 crores. There are about 17 banks that have been tricked by home loan provider DHFL. Former CMD Kapil Wadhawan and director Dheeraj Wadhawan are among 13 others who have been booked in connection with the case.
Kapil Wadhawan
Let us go through the following points to know the story behind the biggest case probed by the CBI.
The not-so-famous media house, ‘Cobrapost’ were the first one to reveal such shocking evidence against the DHFL company. They published an article citing the fraudulent activities carried out by the renowned housing finance company.
They revealed that DHFL has been using the loan money for its benefit by buying personal assets like properties and lands. However, to gain confidence in the eyes of the public, DHFL filed a response with the Bombay Stock Exchange stating there is no proper weightage to the allegations raised by the journalist group and that it was an act of causing damage to the reputation of the company.
To make the most out of these ‘false claims’ DHFL hosted conferences by inviting several investors/analysts to clarify that the Rs 31,000 crore loan is taken for an upcoming project.
The matters got off-hand when recently the CBI booked former promoters of the DHFL group for defrauding 17 banks in an amount of Rs 34,615 crore.
DHFL has borrowed a total of Rs 42,000 crore loans from banks like State Bank of India, and Bank of Baroda and the highest being borrowed from Union Bank of India (UBI), out of which DHFL has not paid a sum of Rs 36,000 crore. The UBI (Union Bank of India) has asked one of the leading providers of risk, financial, and corporate governance, KPMG to look into this matter.
They have been accused of syphoning off the money to their other companies or Shell companies to buy assets at a cost of public sector lenders.
The rating agencies downgraded the rating score on commercial paper after the company defaulted on debt payments. It was during this time when rating agencies involving ICRA and Crisil demoted DHFL’s worth of Rs 850 crore on commercial paper to ‘default’ from ‘A4’ because it had a mortgage lender’s deteriorating liquidity condition.
Breakdown of the DHFL Scam
The Resolution Plan
DHFL tried to make an impression in front of the investors that they would be repaying them the full amount. They devised a resolution plan that transformed its debt into equity and moved to the court in the hopes that it would influence their plan.
Raid by ED
Following the court case, DHFL couldn’t remain safe as they were raided by none other than the Enforcement Directorate itself. The ED made claims that they found several linkages to money laundering. This money has been used for their advantage, which was intimately associated with the company’s promoters, especially Dheeraj Wadhawan. They also found that this loan money was also linked to the criminal organisation, Dawood Ibrahim.
Removal of Board of Directors
By this time, DHFL had no longer had power and control and was bankrupted due to which the Central Bank of India decided to remove its board of supervisors and managers. The decision took place under Section 45-IE (I) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
First Arrest of Kapil Wadhawan
This created sensational news when the promoter of the DHFL, Kapil Wadhawan was arrested under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). The ED had found out that his firm was allegedly involved in providing loans to the criminal association of Dawood Ibrahim.
Charge Against DHFL
Recently, the CBI finally booked DHFL and 13 others related to this case for swindling 17 banks of Rs 34,615 crore. They are undergoing investigation by both the CBI and the ED. The ED has stated that Yes Bank is also involved in this scam.
Scams like this can prove to cause huge damage to Indian investors. What can we learn from this is just that we need to have strong and stringent banking laws and policies. The country can only hope to see strict business and financial advisory groups without corrupted intentions.
It is quite evident from the above-mentioned facts the DHFL scam remains the biggest scam to date. The case is still undergoing, and we can only wait for the judgment to come out.
FAQs
Is the DHFL scam true?
Yes the DHFL financial scam is termed one of the biggest scams in the banking industry.
What is the DHFL scam?
DHFL has been charged for defrauding a total of 17 banks of over Rs 34,000 crore.
After the liberalization, banks are forced to adopt various banking services and change their approach toward customers in the competitive world. As we are in a modern era, where e-banking is a prevalent method of accessing your finance.
We know the level of security, as well as scams in banking, is tantamount. Especially, in this pandemic, many people have encountered a large number of complaints regarding fraudulent acts through online transactions.
Even in the case of Blockchain having a strong security base, it faces a lot of hackers, for instance taking the biggest hack of $600 million in 2021, which impacted a bad phrase for many investors.
Bank frauds are not similar to online malware, we could see many surveillance videos of robbers entering the premises and stealing money in the open air. So, fraudulent acts via banking are a common issue we face, even after imposing tight security. Here, in this article, you could see the top bank frauds we are facing in 2022.
Phishing is illicit conduct in which an attacker attempts to get access to a user’s website by sending spam messages in the hopes of tricking the victim into divulging sensitive information. Phishing can be carried out by sending fraudulent messages or installing harmful software on the user’s computer, such as Ransomware.
Phishing scam example
Furthermore, link manipulation is a Phishing tactic that involves creating misspelt links and URLs. As you see, you will receive plenty of emails saying ‘click the below link to download the software that ultimately leads you to a fraud platform.
2. Pharming Scams
Pharming is currently one of the most common cybercrime attacks in the world. Pharming, on the other hand, is the act of sending users to a malicious website or damaging the computer’s DNS server software. To put it another way, pharming is similar to phishing but does not involve tricking consumers into participating in the scheme.
In companies that host e-commerce and online banking services, it’s practically universal. The phrase “pharming” refers to the process of cultivating and obtaining confidential information from users.
It is a computer slang term for “farming.” Pharming is the use of DNS (Domain Name Server) software on a computer to alter the IP address of a legitimate website to one that is malicious. Finally, the user is redirected to a possibly dangerous website.
3. Technical Support Scam
Those who are accessing online banking consider the Technical support team as their last resort. where the victim customer shares their problems regarding technical to the technical team with the hope of solving it, thinking that you are conversing with the right staff, But You are not!.
This type of fraud occurs through social engineering, where the fraudster enables your personal computer and can gain confidential information.
4. Spoofing
Spoofing is a cunning form of fraud in which the fraudster convinces you that they are coming from reliable sources. For example, you may receive a call, email, or SMS from a trustworthy source stating that “Antivirus ware will remove the virus from your device by downloading an anti-malware link given below,” prompting you to click on the link, which will take you to another illegal website, potentially exposing your personal and financial information to the suspect.
5. SIM Swap Frauds
This scam is vulnerable to those who access anything on the internet with their phone numbers. As a result, scammers will easily activate a fake SIM card under the authentic users for fraudulent activities. On the whole, your phone number is the scammer’s as well.
One of the important elements of this scam is ‘two-factor authentication, where the OTPs (One-Time Password) that are sent to your phone number will be received by the scammers.
With enough data being collected from the users, the scammers will claim the users’ SIM cards from the mobile service under the excuse of being lost or broken. Consequently, the users’ SIM or phone number will be under the scammers’ control.
6. Skimming
Skimming is a common scam and crime in several parts of the world. This is an increasingly often happening scam especially in public places, like ATMs, Point-of-Sale, and fuel pumps.
Skimming Scam
This scam occurs when devices are illegally installed in public places. The result of this scam includes using the users’ data to create debit and credit cards under their name and then stealing the victims’ money.
The most common scam under Skimming is Fuel Pump, where the scamming prop is hidden inside the wiring. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to the users, the data will be transferred to the scammers’ storage within seconds.
7. Vishing
Vishing is also known as voice phishing. It is nothing but scam centers calling potential users to deceive money smartly. Telephone fraud involves tricking people into giving money or disclosing personal information when they answer the call.
The perpetrator of a vishing scam often pretends to be a member of a trusted company, institution, or government agency. Believing the credibility, the unwary victims are sometimes tricked into taking the impression that their computers are being infected and needed to install anti-virus software.
As a consequence, scammers will get into their software and extract data for their swindling endeavours.
8. Mobile Scams
As the name speaks, mobile scams are a range of scams that involve smartphones. Moreover, in this era of digitalization, everything from start to end is digitalized. Similarly, the scam is also digitalized. The above-listed scams- Mobile phone virus scams, SMS phishing, Voice mail scams, and One-ring scam are all part of mobile scams.
This type of scam is not rare or uncommon, it can take place anytime and anywhere, unless and until the user doesn’t hold a phone. Furthermore, this digital age has made this scam even more happening, since all our data including bank details, emails, and other credentials are associated with our phones.
In this way, the scammers will be capable of accessing the victims’ data through their smartphones effortlessly.
Conclusion
Scamming has become a day-to-day crime in this technological age. According to the reports, half of the bank scams are done through smartphones. However, it can be avoided by taking proper precautions and not unnecessarily accessing sensitive information with the mobile phone.
As we all know, our bank accounts are linked to our mobile numbers followed by a ‘two-factor authentication’ feature, so it is quite uncertain to find the real scammer behind all the bank scams.
On the other hand, the only solution to dodge bank scams is to always contact the administrator of the respective bank irrespective of the caller, who has asked for your information via phone.
FAQs
What are some of the common bank frauds in India?
Phishing, Pharming Scams, Technical Support Scams, Spoofing, SIM Swap Frauds, Skimming, Vishing, and Mobile Scams are some of the common bank frauds in India.
What is bank fraud in India?
Bank fraud is when a person illegally obtains money from the depositors possessing as the bank
Money is the basic set of resources everyone needs. While there are two methods to make money, one is through hard, slow and honest work and the other is by duping people fast, people tend to choose the second. In this world where everyone wants to afford things fast it has been increasingly seen that people are trying to find shortcuts to everything. This, of course, is not the right thing to do. You cannot get rich tomorrow, by any means.
It is true that you need money to be stable and all. People all over the world try hard to amass as much as they will be needing in future. However, some notorious humans try to dupe the rules and regulations that are made to safeguard the integrity of the nation. They try to avoid taxes illegally, try to amass much money that is either illegally earned or hidden and transported by any means. This article talks about that issue, which has money as the epicentre.
The conflict of money laundering in this world. We will first develop a little understanding of what money laundering is and then we will discuss what has been the cases that had the largest impact on the world. This article will end with precautionary measures. Read on to learn something about the loophole called money laundering.
Money laundering can be defined as some window dressing that is done to the ‘money’, to make it appear as if it was legitimately earned. It is to ensure that illegally earned money (Or even black money) looks white and pure and looks legitimately earned. It is done with some tweaks to prevent any issues that might happen in any future transactions. Thus, Money laundering makes the illegally acquired money look as if it has been obtained genuinely.
This method can be used for more than one purpose like it can be used to change or hide the nature, location, source, situation and even the movement of criminal activity. It makes the proceeds that are earned from illegal activities look legitimate and legal.
In simpler terms, laundering is the process by which hides or converts illegally earned income. It helps criminals get away with getting their money a clean and clear image. The process of money laundering is a huge criminal behind all that is wrong in the world. It provides a safe and secure passage for all the proceeds that one can earn with bad works. Any activity that is illegal, wrong and criminal is effectively hidden by the means of money laundering.
It can be drug trafficking, or even as much heinous as terrorist funding, laundering makes it look legitimate and legal. Thus, the process of money laundering is something that converts the money (from any criminal activity) to money from a legitimate source, thereby maintaining the credibility of the money earned.
Laundering is a serious crime and is done in probably every country in the world. Not only is it illegal but it is also immoral. It is such a serious problem that it encompasses both the white-collar and the street-level criminals. The roots of this business run deep in many parts of the world.
How Does Money Laundering Work?
The process of money laundering is super important for tricksters and all the criminal organisations all over the world. It is their only way on which they can rely to get their illegal money in a legitimate manner.
They are so reliant on this method that they are even ready to pay a lot of money in return for laundering money for them. This is how much they are ready to launder their illegal money. This process is not often easy, it has to be done with precise work of hands.
Anything wrong here or there can demolish the whole organisation. To avoid any errors and issues, there are different phases through which it happens. There can be many illegal ways to launder money but some points in the process are always the same and constant. We here will discuss those three common touchpoints which are common in most money laundering cases –
There are three predictive points and those are –
Placement
This is mostly the first step in a money laundering process. The first is always the entry of illegal money into the system. As soon as illegal money is placed in a tight spot, it becomes necessary to layer it with a protective genuine financial system or to cover them in legal ways.
Layering
Layering refers to the layering that is needed to cover the fingerprints on the notes, not exactly but similarly to a criminal investigation. Layering is layering the money with various transactions and accounting or bookkeeping tricks. Any accounting loophole that can hide the source of the unaccounted money, is useful here. Not to mention that it is done by experts having good knowledge and bad intentions.
Integration
The cash that is laundered through layering it with multiple accounts and transactions are now withdrawn. It is withdrawn in order to return the proceeds to the original criminal that will look like legitimately earned money. This is the integration of money in one place.
All these three methods are the most commonly seen and mostly seen/abbreviated steps in the money laundering process. But it is here to note that there can be more steps than just these three. There can be more layers and more routes by which money is integrated.
Common Methods of Money Laundering Used by Criminals
Exports
There can be Exports that are faked multiple times, in fact, it is one of the common ways criminals do this. A fake export can look like the money is legitimate and is travelling to some other country or province in some official manner. It was very frequently used in Europe in recent years.
Stock Markets
Another unsaid method is via investing the money out. Stock Markets are the major regulator of money supply and the money can be hidden behind this big money machine. Anyone can purchase shares, stakes to bonds from stock market brokers in any part of the world. Noting that the Stock market has a ubiquitous approach in all its workings, more money can be transported and invested in these money markets. Stock markets capitalise on the transaction and make it look legitimate.
Expensive Paintings
If you are a Hollywood fan, then this method would be quite familiar to you. It is evident in movies that gangsters buy some expensive art to cover the money that they have. Thus, Antiques and paintings that are ridiculously expensive can be used too. Hide money or even turn the illegal black money into legitimate white money.
Electronic Means
Then comes the smart modern way of pulling out money laundering. That is, by Electronic means. It has become increasingly easy to transfer money to each other’s wallets. This has not to mention also eased the hard work of money launderers. Now you can just transfer money with a click of a button or a few taps. Electronic means provides a wonderful and magical opportunity to exchange money without revealing its true identity or form.
If you are a modern thief, this trick would come in really handy. Criminals can convert real money to untraceable digital money, which is super hard to trace. That illegal or black money can also be stored in a cloud of games and rewards. It can be distributed through auctions and sales through gambling websites.
Cryptocurrency
If you move ahead in technology and money transactions, you will hit a block. That block is no other than the blockchain. As the world of cryptocurrency rises, so do the concerns of money management all over the world. It is forecasted that it will become extremely easy to get away with black money in the form of cryptocurrencies. What can be worse? They are not even regulated with one organisation, it is power in the hands of people and what if they fail to manage the power. Although there are proper ledgers at place working overnight to record all the transactions, it still can be hard to track individuals involved in the theft.
Up till now, we have all learnt that money laundering is a complex process and can include many forms and types. This calls for some real study on scams that the world has witnessed already. Let us now discuss which tricksters (read criminals) were able to dupe the national security laws of money laundering. This is the history that saw some of the biggest cases of money laundering in the world –
HSBC
HSBC was one of the top firms that showed signs of money laundering. The organisation was tried by the senate. It came under the limelight in the year 2012 when the United States Senate triggered a search in its operations.
On further investigations, it was found that they were breaking AML laws. AML here is Anti-money laundering laws. It was found that the entity HSBC was found to be guilty of the following frauds and illegal activities.
Firstly, they offered banking services to clients hailing from Saudi Arabia, even after knowing the fact that the clients had contacts with terrorists. HSBC sanctioned money transactions from Iran and North Korea without raising any sort of ticket that signifies any issue with those transactions.
HSBC let a subsidy of them having relations with a Mexican counterpart go, even when that counterpart had ties with drug trafficking. HSBC ignored all the risky factors and let the relationship with such a threat of an organisation go without any issue.
The reports say that an estimate of about 881 million Dollars was laundered in summation. This was a huge amount and the entity was banned from any workings for the foreseeable future. HSBC was a reminder that every entity has to be regulated so that it runs according to the lines seated by AML laws. HSBC was fined $1.9 billion dollars for laundering money.
BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International)
The name BCCI is an acronym for Bank of Credit and Commerce International. It is a name now long forgotten. It was however not the same in history. In the mid 19s, BCCI was the seventh-largest private bank in the world. In the mid-1980s the bank was found to be involved in some really serious business of money laundering and even drug smuggling.
BCCI was found with sums of money that were in billions in criminal profits. The name that is forgotten now is estimated to have hidden and laundered a sum of almost 23 billion dollars. This much money was laundered and the bank made a name for itself in the black market of thieves and money launderers.
It is reported that the bank was too picky of its clients, it had relations with some really big names in the industry. BCCI has been reported with relations with Saddam Hussain (Former military dictator of Panama Manuel Noriega) and Palestinian terrorist leader Abu Nidal. By 1990 BCCI was entangled in its own corporate structure and ran into obscurity. That was when the time came for its investigation.
The US Senate report says that Price Waterhouse started an investigation on this matter. The credit and commerce bank shut down its operations even before the investigations were completed.
Even after an early shutdown, the bank owed hefty amounts of fines due to the AML (Anti-money laundering) laws it broke. It was also reported that the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) user accounts listed on the BCCI, to fund Afghan Mujahideen during their war with Russia (The soviet union) in the 1980s. On the land of money laundering accusations, the Bank of Credit and Commerce transferred about 20 billion dollars in money laundering
Nauru
Nauru Island
Nauru is the name of a tiny pacific island. It is about 1100 miles away from the coast of New Guinea. The place might be small and dingy but it is quite an epicentre of money laundering. This small land has been the go-to place for the highest-profile of criminals and gangsters. In the late 1990s, Russian criminal gang lords laundered about 70 billion dollars through banks that were registered in Nauru. Those banks were mostly called ‘Shell’ banks.
Shell banks are the banks that exist only on paper and nowhere else in real life. They cannot be traced on a map, nor do they have any physical office/branch in real life. Nauru even allowed those banks to record transactions without naming the people behind those transactions. This was done to incentivise more and more transactions. The small land of the Nauru coast of Australia turned into a shell corporation heaven for the Russian mafia. The place is now only known for being a money-laundering favourable place after being a natural resource hotspot.
After the US treasury found out about the illegal money business going on in Nauru, they imposed heavy sanctions on that land. Only to surprise, it was found that the penalties were even more than the penalties imposed on Iran (Another laundering place).
With factors like those of Shell Banks, and recording money transactions without account names, cooked all this hassle. All of the factors above made Nauru a safe place for money launderers. The island has been blacklisted and all the shell banks that were once there, are deregistered on the spot. Since 2001, Nauru has taken steps to clean up its act and has accepted financial aid from Australia.
Standard Chartered
Standard Chartered is one of the biggest banks in the world. This humongous financial institution was accused of helping out the Iranian government to launder an amount of about 265 billion dollars. This huge amount was reported to be laundered as there were not enough/sufficient checks at places. This lack of governance of checks and looks made this big money to be transported illegally.
When it was investigated and regulated by concerned authorities, the organisation paid about 350 million dollars in fines in 2012. Standard Chartered also paid 350 million dollars again in fines and settlements in 2014 for not improving their AML (Anti-money laundering) face and compliance with the assigned rules. After that, they improved their AML sector within the organisation and since then, it has been on a check.
Pablo Escobar
All the Pablo fans out there, do you know how big that criminal was. Pablo Escobar, the most successful criminal ever known to known history. He was so rich and had money in such amounts that it is said once, he spent 1000 dollars in a consecutive week on rubber bands which were used to hold up the bundles of cash that he had. Not to mention, his business was drugging and although the business was illegal, he was a master of the trade.
He was so good at the drugs business, it is reported that he once in time-controlled about 80 per cent of the world’s drugs business (Cocaine trade). With such a hold over the most profitable business, he had loads of money. And because of that, he was forced to make more ways to launder his money to look legitimate. He was so into money laundering that probably the epicentre of his business was just that, ‘Cash Laundering’.
The recipe that he followed in getting all the money back to himself was simple. He paid bankers some bribe to which they returned the favour by turning his black cash into legitimate money. In 1989, reports say that his personal fortune was worth about 9 billion dollars, which made him the seventh richest person in the world at that time. He died in a gunfight in 1993 with Colombian authorities.
Wachovia
It is now a part of Wells Fargo, Wachovia was among the biggest banks in the United States in the 2010s. The bank was found to have allowed drug cartels in Mexico to launder close to US$390 billion through its branches during 2004-2007. The drug cartels had one job specific to money laundering. They laundered money (Proceeds) that came from selling drugs in the United States to the other side of the Mexican Border. Then, they used money exchangers to deposit the money into their bank accounts in Mexico.
“Wachovia’s blatant disregard for our banking laws gave international cocaine cartels a virtual carte blanche to finance their operations,” said Jeffrey Sloman, the federal prosecutor. Yet the total fine was less than 2% of the bank’s $12.3bn profit for 2009. On 24 March 2010, Wells Fargo stock traded at $30.86 – up 1% on the week of the court settlement.
At the Mexico border, the requirements were not clear and regulated which added to the money laundering situation. The regulatory requirements with regard to the source of funds were not on par with current standards. Later on, the money that was transported to Mexico was roped in back to Wachovia’s accounts in the US. The total money laundered by this bank amounted to 390 billion dollars.
Now you must be thinking about what happens if the situation is not controlled, and that is a legit question. If money laundering is not stopped, it can raise havoc. How? Let us find out –
When some money is unaccounted for and lies around in society, it can be used for any purpose. The intentions can be constructive as well as destructive. Depending on the purpose, it can create a ruckus for the society we live in.
As we all know, money can be used as an incentive for many things, it can be an incentive for good things, hardworking and it can also be an incentive for bad things for society. In that situation, the social and political cost of such money can be severe.
In addition to that factor of thought, money laundering can weaken society as a whole. It can lower the boundaries of social and collective ethical standards. In developed countries, it can be efficient and effectively used in terrorism and any sort of destructive activity or behaviour.
On the other hand, if unaccounted money or money laundering is in an underdeveloped country then it can be serious damage to the progress of the country and the integrity of such a nation. For example, those examples can be disastrous in the second most populous nation, India.
What are the Precautions for Money Laundering?
There can be precautions as well for this money laundering influence. These precautions can lead to a safer environment for all, the government and the citizens. Let us discuss some of the precautions that are advised by experts and are worth a read –
Tax Evasion
First of all, the process of one laundering starts from the intention of tax evasion. At the heart of the issue is hiding the income to save some pennies of taxes. This has to be completely stopped. Tax evasion has to be stopped in all steps of production to consumption. This will help make people aware of the monitoring. This will also reduce significant money movements from one place to another.
Local governments should be held accountable for the money management of an area. They have to be fully authorised as well to do their duties on full throttle. For this purpose, the government and the media can work hand in hand to be more effective in maintaining the secrecy of sensitive topics.
Reducing Tax-free Earnings
The private sector has to be regulated as well. Cartels should be prevented and any sort of underground economy should come to an end. This can be done by reducing the tax-free earnings as much as possible in nature. This can be hard for developing countries, as they rely on taxes for development but they can do small changes as well.
AML(Anti-money laundering)
Businesses can protect themselves by strictly accounting for all the transactions as well as adhering to the AML(Anti-money laundering) norms. For which they can use the AML software available in the market such as Sanction scanner and many others available throughout the internet.
AML (Anti-money laundering) Initiatives
Throughout the article, we have mentioned something called AML, we did mention it but what it is actually? Anti-money laundering is a set of initiatives that rose to global prominence in the year 1989. They were formed by a group of companies and countries who were concerned about the issue. It is an entailing part of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The mission of which is to prevent and control the money transactions that are unrecorded and benefit from money laundering all around the world. In October 2001, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, FATF expanded its mandate to include combating terrorist financing.
Another important organisation that controls the fight against money laundering is the IMF or the International monetary fund. Just like the FATF, the IMF also runs on a mission of preventing money laundering as they assert influence on countries and corporations to act according to the accepted international standards.
Laws like these are effective and work in a manner that prevents market manipulation, trade in illegal goods, corruption on public funds and even tax evasion on a global level (large scale).
Laundering is a serious crime and is done in probably every country in the world. Not only is it illegal but it is also immoral. It is such a serious problem that it encompasses both the white-collar and the street-level criminals. The roots of this business run deep in many parts of the world. With this rooted problem, it can be a serious hindrance to the development of countries and even corporations at a smaller level.
There are many international corporations like the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) and IMF (International monetary fund) trying to influence these numbers. Reading the history of money laundering, it is threatening that it can happen today too. In this world where we talk about decentralised currency as the new currency. It is going to be hard to prevent such happenings in today’s world. It does not just harm corporations and societies but even the society and constituents of society.
FAQ
How does money laundering cash work?
The money that needs to be laundered is carried into foreign bank accounts in small amounts and then is transferred back to where it came from.
What is the most common way to launder money?
The most common ways to launder money is investing in gold, investing in stocks or transferring money to foreign bank accounts.
Is laundering money illegal?
Yes, Money laundering is illegal as the laundered money can be used for illegal activities.
Banks play an important role in the economic development of the financial sector of India. They are running a business that involves all the transactions done by every person. As banks are running a business, sometimes they earn and sometimes they lose. The very common cause of banks losing money is the inability to collect the money-back which was distributed as and if they have a concentration of loans in a particular business segment that falls in hard times, those losses are even more severe.
In 2018, Punjab National Bank, one of India’s largest public-sector banks experienced a fraud of INR 11,400 crores at its Brady House branch located in Mumbai. The accused person was Mr Nirav Modi, a well-renowned diamond maker of India. Here’s the complete story of how the PNB scam was unfolded.
Nirav Modi is an Indian fugitive businessman; he is the founder of Firestar Diamond International and his uncle Mehul Choksi is the chairman of Gitanjali Group. These two companies were involved in the Diamond business and had a retail chain of 4000+ stores in India.
Nirav was brought up in Belgium and did his early schooling at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He came back to Mumbai and started with his family business of jewellery manufacturing.
Nirav Modi’s Business of Luxury Diamond
In 1999, he founded Firestar. After working for years and getting experience in the business Nirav in 2008 launched a diamond store bearing his name in New Delhi. Seeing and attracting a huge crowd he thought of opening more stores and started the 2nd store in Mumbai followed by 17 more stores. Nirav launched his stores globally with stores in New York and Hong Kong city.
Nirav Modi Store
According to news, his company had a presence in 12 countries with 30 boutiques in 2018. Firestar is the only diamond manufacturing company in India to source the coveted Argyle pink diamonds, found only in Western Australia.
At this time Nirav was also looking to expand its product line with more affordable pieces. He became a lot popular after designing his “Golconda Lotus Necklace” with an old, 12-carat, pear-shaped diamond as a centerpiece in the year 2010. The diamond had previously been sold in the 1960s and had to be repolished.
Golconda Lotus Necklace
Stores were running very well and were recognized as a theme of pure luxury, many Indian celebrities were doing the advertisement for Nirav Modi’s jewellery. Nirav Modi was also featured in the Forbes list of Indian Billionaires in 2013. To run such a vast and huge business globally he was always in the need of funds which he took from small public sector banks.
How did Nirav Modi Avail Loans from Banks?
At first, he started with a small number of loans which he was able to repay the bank within the time limit. The first fraud started in 2010 when Nirav took the loan with the help of a fake letter of undertaking issued by PNB bank at its Brady House branch. Letter of Undertaking is said to be a sort of guarantee that is issued by a banking entity to the concerned party for attaining short-term credit from the overseas branch of an Indian bank.
How Nirav Modi Operated the PNB Scam?
Nirav thought of this as an easy way to obtain short-term credit. He then started giving fake Lou’s to the bank and used to obtain a lump sum amount of money. Nirav managed to get 1,212 more such guarantees in the next 6-7 years.
The Letters of Understanding were signed in favour of Indian bank branches for the one-year import of pearls, with the Reserve Bank of India’s guidelines allowing for a total of 90 days from the date of shipping. The guideline mentioned in the letters were ignored by overseas branches of Indian banks. They disregarded providing any documents or information with PNB that had been made accessible to them by the companies when they applied for loans.
When PNB approached banks to provide a 100% cash margin, the bank argued they had availed this facility in the past as well. The transactions were never registered in the bank’s main system, leaving PNB management in the dark for years. This suspected there could be a fraud that led to them digging further into the transaction history.
Later it was found out that PNB employees were also involved in this process of providing fraud loans. They got the commission from Nirav and used to do the job for him. PNB employees used the SWIFT network to send messages to Allahabad Bank and Axis Bank regarding financial requirements.
At that time they found that these letters were on a fraud basis and the money was transferred to Dummy accounts of firms that were inactive in business and were acting according to the command of Nirav Modi. A total of INR 6,400 crore acquired through PNB Lou’s was transferred abroad to buy real estate and personal property through “dummy corporations.”
Nirav Modi New York House
All these methods were used by him to transfer the money received by these banks for business purposes and were spent on his personal use and luxury. He escaped India in January 2018 after which a warrant was issued by the CBI and Enforcement Directorate to arrest him.
The PNB scam is said to be one of the biggest fraud cases in India’s banking history to date. Till now the Government authorities of India have sealed and auctioned several thousand crores worth of properties and assets of Modi. Yet the government has not been able to get money recovered in full.
There is a need for improvement in our Indian Banking Sector and mainly a focus on providing the loans and credit facilities to the people who need them the most and who can repay without making defaults.
FAQ
How did Nirav Modi get loans?
Nirav took the loan with the help of a fake letter of understanding issued by PNB bank.
How much money did Nirav Modi borrow from the bank?
Nirav Modi and his uncle Mehul Choksi defrauded the bank of over Rs 14,000 crore.
In which year did Nirav Modi take the loan?
Nirav Modi took the first loan from PNB on March 10, 2011, and later managed to get 1,212 more such guarantees over the next 74 months.
There are only two ways to be successful and have a ridiculous amount of money. The first way is to do the work, put in the hours, work super hard. The second or the other way is to quickly pull out a scam, expose loopholes, thug people and earn millions in a short period of time.
Now, which way is ethical and which way is unethical, that would be another topic for some other day. Here we are to discuss some of the most unethical ways people pulled out in history to create a ruckus. The biggest Ponzi schemes of the world.
A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud that is performed by a dummy organisation, built with the sole purpose to defraud people by luring them to good schemes to get the money and vanish. We will go with a list of top Ponzi schemes and numbers do mean a lot in here –
There was a person named Bernie Madoff who was a popular American financier and who allegedly executed what is said to be the largest Ponzi scheme in history, defrauding thousands of investors of tens of billions of dollars over the course of 17 years, and maybe even longer.
He was also the chairman of the Nasdaq in the early 1990s. He died in prison on April 14, 2021, while serving a 150-year sentence for money laundering, securities fraud and several other felonies. Yes, you read it right, 150 years in sentence and he died during the ongoing term.
Bernie came up with promises of unbelievable and steady returns through an investing strategy known as split-strike conversion, which is funnily a real trading strategy.
He simply deposited funds (from clients) into one bank account which he used to pay existing investors who wanted to cashback. He funded retrievals by attracting new investors with good capital but was unable to maintain this transaction balance when the market turned upside down in 2008.
He admitted to his sons who worked at his firm but, he claimed later, were not aware of the scheme as of December 2008. They turned him to the authorities the very next day. The fund’s last statements indicated it had a whopping $64.8 billion in client assets.
Sergei Panteleevich Mavrodi with such a spell of a name was a Russian financial fraudster, supercriminal and previously a deputy of the State Duma. He was the founder of МММ, a scheme or basically a company that defrauded millions of people around the world. He was the Deputy of a state and that made him a trustworthy individual and the trust was misused.
MMM was established in 1989 by Sergei Mavrodi, his brother Vyacheslav Mavrodi, and Olga Melnikova. The name of the company is simply the initials of the founders’ surnames.
In the beginning, Sergei operated a network of enterprises importing computers. In 1992, tax police accused MMM of tax evasion, leading to the collapse of a subsidiary which was a bank, Suffocating the company of financial support.
Facing difficulties in funding its foreign trade, the company jumped into the financial domain. It offered American stocks to Russian investors, but the new business was met with little success.
The MMM Ponzi scheme was launched in February 1994, promising quite some super annual returns of up to 3000%. The company started an aggressive TV ad campaign, spending a lot of money to get to the most investors.
The advertisement campaign appealed to the general public by using “ordinary” characters that viewers could relate to. The most popular of them was a “folk hero” of early 1994, Lyonya Golubkov.
Another notable marketing effort was a giveaway of free Metro trips to all citizens on a certain day. That was how the scheme was popularised and landed on the plates of investors. This became the recipe for a successful scam and thugged the public.
Stanford Financial Group
Allen Stanford
The Stanford financial group was an international organisation that provided financial services. They were privately owned and the company was managed by Allen Stanford. Headquartered in Uptown Houston, Texas, it had 50 offices around the world. It was seized by the United States authorities in 2009. It was said to have managed a whopping US$8.5 billion of assets for clients that were more than 30,000 and in around 136 countries of six continents.
On February 17, 2009, US federal guys entered the Houston offices and Law officials placed signs on the office doors stating that the company was temporarily closed, but the company was in operation but under the management of a receiver.
The feds placed charges of fraud due to that receivership and ten days after that the U.S. The Securities and Exchange Commission amended its complaint to accuse Stanford of turning the company into a “huge Ponzi scheme“.
Caritas means ‘charity’ in Latin, which is quite ironic for such a Ponzi scheme originated in Romania that was active from 1992 to 1994, that is for around two years. The company was founded by Ioan Stoica.
It attracted millions of investors and depositors from all over the country, who invested millions of dollars in that scheme in hope of amazing returns before it finally went down or went bankrupt on the 14th of August 1994, having a debt of whooping US$450 million ($786 million in current terms).
It covered itself wearing a blanket of “mutual-aid”. It showcased itself as an enterprise aimed at helping Romanians during the transition (Capitalism) and it lured investors with a promise of a good eight times the capital they initially invested in a matter of six months.
Caritas prospered this scheme with the help of a relation it had with the Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) and the mayor of Napoca, Gheorghe Funar, who helped this scheme to set up and even helped it garner good trust by renting them space in the Cluj hall, appearing with Stoica in public and on television they managed to get some trust from the general public.
Funar even went ahead and paid for space in the local newspaper to publish a list of the chosen ones, who would see their money multiply 8 fold; the list had 44 pages per day less than a month before the Ponzi firm collapsed. It went bankrupt.
Its bankruptcy made the Romanian government active and it searched and closed down such schemes. The government even got warnings about the scheme from several mediums, including the Intelligence Service of Romania, which wrote a report in early 1993 (which was leaked) and from the Chief Economist at the National Bank, Daniel Dăianu, who straightforwardly called it a fraud.
The above article discussed some of the biggest Ponzi schemes witnessed in the world. There are surely much more other than these, some small in scale and some even wider in scale. These are people who used loopholes in their favour and even discovered them when they needed to. All this takes courage and the will to know the game well in order to steer the wheel in a Ponzi direction.
All this shows a human character getting to the worst of creativity and shortcuts to earn quickly by defrauding the trust of millions. This is how ugly can trade happens when performed by tricksters.
This also shows how important it is to be in the know about what’s happening around us and how to get rid of ignorance where most people live. Get to know these masterminds, learn how laws can be bent and learn how you can safeguard yourself. In a world of democratised information, ignorance should be left behind.
FAQ
How can you spot a Ponzi scheme?
If the scheme offers “Guaranteed” High Returns, Consistent High Returns and has Unlicensed Sellers it might be a Ponzi scheme.
What are some of the biggest Ponzi schemes?
Madoff Investment Scandal, Stanford financial group, and MMM are some of the biggest Ponzi schemes.
What is a Ponzi scheme?
A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud that is performed by a dummy organisation, built with the sole purpose to defraud people.
The 63 year old diamond trader is wanted by the Indian legislative authorities for the charges of money laundering, criminal conspiracy, corruption, cheating and dishonesty. He is also accused in the PNB scam case. He is an Indian born citizen who later took citizenship in Antigua and Barbuda in 2017. He owns the Gitanjali Group, which is a retail jewellery group with an extensive network of showrooms across India.
It was in 1985 that he took over Gitanjali Gems from his father which was the beginning of all the frauds to unfold. From various credible sources, it can be learnt that he is admitted in the Dominica China Friendship hospital in Roseau as of 30th May 2021.
On 26th May, after lots of efforts from law enforcement authorities, the scammer cum trader was arrested in the island country of Dominica.
Mehul Choksi was admitted to the hospital after he tests negative for Covid -19.
29 May 2021
Mehul Choksi was seen in custody with his left hand and eyes bruised.
27 May 2021
Mehul Choksi’s lawyer clarifies that he can only be deported to Antigua and not to India according to Immigration and Passport Act Section 17 and 23 since he is an antiguan citizen.
27 May 2021
The Antiguan Prime Minister Gaston Browne has requested Dominica to deport Choksi directly to India. If he is deported to Antigua, then he will be able to enjoy the protections given for a citizen.
23 May 2021
Mehul Choski goes missing from Antigua and Barbada. His lawyer and himself says that he was abducted.
The Beginning of the End for Mehul Choksi
The history of a long drawn out bank fraud came into light as PMLA issued non-bailable arrest warrants against Mehul Choksi, Nirav Modi and Neeshal Deepak Modi. They have been involved in a $1.8 billion scam in the second largest public sector bank, Punjab National Bank. The bank claims that Choksi along with Nirav Modi colluded with the employees to illegally obtain money from the bank.
Although he claims to be innocent even in an open letter, it does not go along with the fact that he left to the Carribean nation Antigua and Barbada just before the scam was disclosed.
His oath taking as a citizen of the same country a few days the after disclosure further adds oil to the fire. Later, the PMLA authorities responsible for the investigation found out that 41 properties that were held by the Enforcement Directorate in the name of Mehul Choksi were money laundering assets.
They ordered for the attachment of these properties worth 1210 crore. Following the order, a mall in Kolkata, 15 flats and 17 office premises in Mumbai, a four-acre farm house in Alibaug and 231 acres of land at locations like Nashik, Nagpur, Panvel in Maharashtra and Villupuram in Tamil Nadu were attached by the ED in keeping up with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.
There was confirmed information that Mehul Choksi was there in Antigua and Barbuda. However, he went missing on May 23,2021. His car was later discovered in the Jolly Harbour area which strengthened the assumptions that he escaped to Cuba. However, the truth was revealed as he was confirmed to be in the Carribean country of Dominica.
Since he was trying to flee to Cuba, this attempt can be used by the CBI to strengthen their claims for extradition. Another twist to the plot came when Choksi’s advocate alleged that he was kidnapped by someone who Choksi believes to be an Indian and Antiguan police into Dominica in a boat.
The Story Now of Mehul Choksi
The High Court of Justice Commonwealth of Dominica has stayed the extradition order of the scammer. The pictures of his swollen eyes and injured left hand are flooding the social media.
The efforts of Indian agencies have not ceased. They continued to call the Antiguan government to extradite him by claiming that he is in fact an Indian citizen and has an Interpol Red Corner Notice issued in his name. Another group of people says that the Red Corner Notice cannot be used in this case since the task of locating the criminal is already done.
At the same time, the Antiguan opposition party is clearly making use of this opportunity to support Choksi against the extradition claims of India. It is widely perceived as their attempts to later procure campaign funding from Choksi as a return gift.
Mehul Choksi leaves India for the USA. He fled through Mumbai International Airport
Punjab National Bank files complaint against Mehul Choksi and Nirav Modi for defrauding the bank by colluding with the bank employees
CBI files probe against the scammers (Mehul Choksi, Nirav Modi, Nishal Modi). Raids and searches were also done.
February 2018
The amount involved in the fraud was disclosed to be $1.7 billion.
CBI files case against the Gitanjali group.
PNB CEO announces that the losses are hoped to be compensated in 6 months.
Union Bank of India announces its exposure of $300 million in association with the PNB scam while of State Bank of India, it was $212 million.
Choksi claims to be innocent.
July 2018
Interpol at the request of CBI issues Red Corner Notice against Mehul Choksi.
Choksi reaches Antigua after taking oath of citizenship earlier in 2018.
March 2019
The UK Home Secretary accepts the extradition request of CBI and the files were to Westminster court.
May 2021
Mehul Choksi goes missing.
Later he gets caught in Dominica.
CBI is waiting for the clearance of extradition.
FAQ
What did Mehul Choksi do?
Mehul Choksi and his nephew Nirav Modi are the key accused in the 2018-Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam which was estimated to be around ₹13,500 crores.
When did Mehul Choksi leave India?
Mehul Choksi left India on 7 January, 2018 and few days later, the PNB scam was disclosed.
Where is Mehul Choksi right now?
Mehul Choksi had been staying in Antigua and Barbuda since January 2018.
Upstox is the leading discount broker in the country. Upstox was formerly known as RKSV technologies. Upstox is backed by some of the top investors in the country which include Tiger Global and Ratan Tata. The company has nearly 30 Lakh users making it the second-largest stockbroker in the country.
Over the last few years, Upstox has increased its client base and ramped up its operations because of the easy availability of Smart Phones and cheap data prices. Recently Upstox had signed up with the Board of Cricket in India to be one of the sponsors of the Indian Premier League (IPL)
The company has announced and passed on an alert to their customer of the data breach. Let’s look at the further details of the data breach.
Retail broking firm and one of the leading discount brokers of the country Upstox had alerted its customers that there has been a data breach in the company. They have told that details such as contact data and KYC details of the customers have been breached.
A spokesman of the company through an email statement had said that the hackers’ group has put the sample of the data on the Dark Web. The spokesman of the company added on saying that for now, the company is not exactly sure about the certainty of the number of customers whose data has been exposed.
It is estimated that around 25 lakhs of its customers KYC data and contact numbers have been gained access by the hackers. This incident has happened in the midst of data breaches in some of the leading domestic companies and global giants such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Mobikwik.
The company has said that they had received receipts of emails that claimed unauthorized access to their databases. In response to it, the company has appointed a leading international cyber-security firm that will investigate the possibilities of the data breach of KYC details of customers. They would investigate on the KYC data stored in third-party data warehouse systems.
The spokesman of the company has added that as a proactive measure the company has taken steps to initiate multiple security enhancements which will particularly concentrate on the third-party warehouses.
The company has also taken steps to increase real-time monitoring to 24/7 and adding an additional ring-fencing to its network said the spokesman of the company.
He added that the company has ensured to restrict the access to the databases which has impacted in the breach. The company has also added multiple security enhancements at all third-party warehouses.
Upstox has taken measures to speed up its bug bounty programme to encourage the ethical hackers to stress-test its systems and protocols. This is a step taken by the company where it makes ethical hackers to hack into their systems to understand the vulnerabilities and identify the problems in the safety of the company’s data. This activity will be undertaken from time to time in regular intervals.
The company has taken an abundant caution towards the security of the customers. The company has taken the initiative to provide a secured password reset through OTPs for all its customers. The company has said that they take the safety of customers very seriously.
The CEO of the company Ravi Kumar has said that this time the company has strongly fortified its systems to the most highest standards to ensure higher safety.
The company has always made the customers to use unique passwords that are strong. They have ensured that the customers would change their passwords in regular intervals and stressed on not to share their OTPs with anyone.
The company has said that it has also taken steps to warn the customers about the online frauds and to double-check the legitimacy of the links and senders. They have asked the customers to keep a check on the OTPs they receive and the ones they have requested.
Upstox has always asked its customers to report and alert the service providers if they notice such activities.
The spokesperson of Upstox has said that, the funds and securities of all Upstox customers are safe and have been protected by the company.
Ravi Kumar who is the CEO and Co-founder of the company has also tweeted about it saying that funds and securities of the customers are protected and kept safe by the company.
FAQ
Is Upstox funded by Ratan Tata?
Yes. Upstox is an online discount stock broker backed by funding from Mr. Ratan Tata. He held 1.33% stake in the company As of Jan 2020.
Who is owner of Upstox?
Founders of RKSV Securities (Changed to Upstox Later) are Ravi Kumar, Raghu Kumar and Shrinivas Viswanath are the owner of Upstox.
Is Upstox SEBI registered?
Yes, It is registered with the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as a stock broker.
Conclusion
These are the steps taken by Upstox regarding their data breach.
PMC bank became the talk of the town when it issued an EoI (expression of interest) in order to identify suitable equity investors/group of investors to take over management control and revival of its current state. The EoI was issued in November 2020 and has to be submitted to the RBI by December 15.
The Scam
PMC has been under regulatory restrictions since RBI found irregularities in its financial operations and hiding and facilitating loans to Housing Development Infrastructure Limited (HDIL). Rs. 6200 crore have been exposed to HDIL in this matter. In 2019, Economic Offences Wing (Eow) of the Mumbai police, arrested PMC’s former managing director Joy Thomas in connection with the fraud. The promoters of HDIL, Rakesh Wadhawan and Sarang Wadhawan, too have been arrested and are currently in jail, facing money laundering charges.
RBI found financial irregularities in its transactions and imposed regulatory restrictions
PMC’s total deposits sum up close to Rs 10,800 crore, advances up to Rs 4500 crore, and gross non performing assets of Rs 3500 crore as on 31st March 2020. The bank has a share capital of Rs 293 crore but registered a loss of Rs 6800 crore during the year 2019-20. It has a negative net worth of Rs 5800 crore.
The Revival
In a letter to the bank’s customers and stakeholders, RBI appointed administrator A K Dixit said that the bank has already rolled out various steps in order to recover from its current state. Recovery of bad debts, cutting costs and expenses, rationalizing several branches are a few of the steps taken on the revival front. Essential IT systems are being retained, staff expenses are being kept under a strict check and various means are being found to console the stakeholders and especially the depositors.
RBI kept a strict check on its costs and expenses
The administration stated that the bank is currently rolling out Rs 1 Lakh to all its depositors. Other than that, hardship payments of Rs 5 lakh are being made to those with Critical or life-threatening ailments like Cancer, Covid-19, ailments related to heart, kidney etc.
A particular development has been observed during the revival process that 20 percent of the bank’s nine lakh customers haven’t withdrawn the entire sum of Rs 1 lakh. It looks like a silver lining in the days of doom as there are a few customers that believe that the bank is going to make it through this mess.
Required Investment
Potential investors have proposed to convert PMC bank into a small financing bank but first, it will have to meet the regulations and an approval by the RBI. The administration is reviewing several options of investments for bringing the bank back to life.
RBI is looking for potential investors for the bank’s revival
Currently, with a negative net worth, the bank will need Rs 5800 crore to bring back the net worth to zero and another 1000 crore to maintain the adequacy ratio of 9 percent to restart the business.
Further proceedings
Administrator will weigh pros and cons for each investor and give recommendations to RBI
Initially, four entities had shown interest in investing but only three entities have submitted their interest in the revival of PMC so far. Mumbai based Surindar Mohan Arora (Ideal Group) is understood to have submitted the LoI (letter of intent). Identities of other entities have not yet been ascertained. The last date for submitting the LoI was December 15 2020. An extension has been granted and the investors have been given February 1, 2021 as the final date to submit their final offer. The RBI administrator A K Dixit will be studying the plus and minuses of all the Letters of intent. After their recommendations, RBI will take a call on which entity is suitable for taking over the management control and commencing day to day operations of the bank.
Alan Joseph
